Scalars are numbers, or quantities which represent numbers, such as ${\displaystyle 7,x,y,e,\pi ,...}$

Vectors are composed of a direction and a magnitude, or multiple scalar components, such as ${\displaystyle \left\langle 3,4\right\rangle ,5{\hat {i}},3{\hat {i}}+4{\hat {j}},...}$ The magnitude of a vector is found with the Pythagorean theorem, ${\displaystyle \left\Vert {\vec {a}}\right\|={\sqrt {a_{x}^{2}+a_{y}^{2}}}}$

When a vector is multiplied by a scalar, each component of the vector is multiplied by the scalar, such as ${\displaystyle a\left\langle x,y\right\rangle =\left\langle ax,ay\right\rangle }$

The Dot Product (or Scalar Product) of two vectors is given by ${\displaystyle \left\langle a,b\right\rangle \,\cdot \,\left\langle c,d\right\rangle =a\,c+b\,d}$. The dot product is equal to the cosine of the angle between the vectors, multiplied by the product of their magnitudes, and therefore the angle between the vectors can easily be calculated using ${\displaystyle \cos {(\theta )}={\frac {{\vec {a}}\cdot {\vec {b}}}{\left\Vert {\vec {a}}\right\|\,\left\Vert {\vec {b}}\right\|}}}$

The Cross Product of two vectors results in another vector, normal to both initial vectors. The magnitude of the cross product is equal to the area of the parallelogram formed by the two vectors, or ${\displaystyle \left\Vert {\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}\right\|=\left\Vert {\vec {a}}\right\|\,\left\Vert {\vec {b}}\right\|\,\sin {(\theta )}}$