Foam

Foams are two-phase material systems where a gas is dispersed in a second, non-gaseous material, specifically, in which gas cells are enclosed by a distinct liquid or solid material.[1]: 6 [2]: 4 [3] Foam "may contain more or less liquid [or solid] according to circumstances",[1]: 6  although in the case of gas-liquid foams, the gas occupies most of the volume.[2]: 4 

In most foams, the volume of gas is large, with thin films of liquid or solid separating the regions of gas.[4]

  1. ^ a b Weaire, D.L.; Hutzler, Stefan (1999). The Physics of Foams. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198510977. Retrieved August 30, 2024. Note, this source focuses only on liquid foams.
  2. ^ a b Cantat, I; Cohen-Addad, S; Elias, F; Graner, F; Höhler, R; Pitois, O; Rouyer, F & Saint-Jalmes, A (2013). Foams: Structure and Dynamics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199662890. Retrieved August 30, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Note, this source also focuses on liquid foams.
  3. ^ The general use of the term, which includes both noun and verb forms, is both narrower and broader than the one from material science described here. In general use, it is narrower, in that it most often refers to liquid foams; it is broader in that it includes all manners of such, and the actions to produce them, hence, according to Merriam-Webster, the term refers to "a light frothy mass of fine bubbles formed in or on the surface of a liquid or from a liquid", giving the examples of those produced by "salivating or sweating", ones stably produced to fight fires, ones that are the product of gas bubbles introduced during manufacturing, and then the further broad examples of sea foam, and then anything resembling the foregoing. Finally, the general definition includes actions to produce all of the above. See "Foam". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014.
  4. ^ "Foam Explained". Accushape Die Cutting. Retrieved June 13, 2025.
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