Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Ion trap LCMS system with ESI interface | |
| Acronym | LCMS |
|---|---|
| Classification | Chromatography Mass spectrometry |
| Analytes | organic molecules biomolecules |
| Manufacturers | Agilent Bruker PerkinElmer SCIEX Shimadzu Scientific Thermo Fisher Scientific Waters Corporation |
| Other techniques | |
| Related | Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry |
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). Coupled chromatography – MS systems are popular in chemical analysis because the individual capabilities of each technique are enhanced synergistically. While liquid chromatography separates mixtures with multiple components, mass spectrometry provides spectral information that may help to identify (or confirm the suspected identity of) each separated component.[1] MS is not only sensitive, but provides selective detection, relieving the need for complete chromatographic separation.[2] LC–MS is also appropriate for metabolomics because of its good coverage of a wide range of chemicals.[3] This tandem technique can be used to analyze biochemical, organic, and inorganic compounds commonly found in complex samples of environmental and biological origin. Therefore, LC–MS may be applied in a wide range of sectors including biotechnology, environment monitoring, food processing, and pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and cosmetic industries.[4][5] Since the early 2000s, LC–MS (or more specifically LC–MS/MS) has also begun to be used in clinical applications.[6]
In addition to the liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry devices, an LC–MS system contains an interface that efficiently transfers the separated components from the LC column into the MS ion source.[5][7] The interface is necessary because the LC and MS devices are fundamentally incompatible. While the mobile phase in a LC system is a pressurized liquid, the MS analyzers commonly operate under high vacuum. Thus, it is not possible to directly pump the eluate from the LC column into the MS source. Overall, the interface is a mechanically simple part of the LC–MS system that transfers the maximum amount of analyte, removes a significant portion of the mobile phase used in LC and preserves the chemical identity of the chromatography products (chemically inert). As a requirement, the interface should not interfere with the ionizing efficiency and vacuum conditions of the MS system.[5] Nowadays, most extensively applied LC–MS interfaces are based on atmospheric pressure ionization (API) strategies like electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). These interfaces became available in the 1990s after a two decade long research and development process.[8][7]
- ^ de Hoffmann, Edmond; Stroobant, Vincent (2002). Mass Spectrometry (Principles and Applications) (2nd ed.). Wiley. pp. 157–158. ISBN 0-471-48566-7.
- ^ Pitt, James J (February 2009). "Principles and Applications of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Biochemistry". Clin Biochem Rev. 30 (1): 19–34. PMC 2643089. PMID 19224008.
- ^ Zhou, Bin; Xiao, Jun Feng; Tuli, Leepika; Ressom, Habtom W (Feb 2012). "LC–MS–based metabolomics". Mol. Biosyst. 8 (2): 470–481. doi:10.1039/c1mb05350g. PMC 3699692. PMID 22041788.
- ^ Chaimbault, Patrick (2014-01-01). "The Modern Art of Identification of Natural Substances in Whole Plants". In Jacob, Claus; Kirsch, Gilbert; Slusarenko, Alan; Winyard, Paul G.; Burkholz, Torsten (eds.). Recent Advances in Redox Active Plant and Microbial Products. Springer Netherlands. pp. 31–94. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8953-0_3. ISBN 9789401789523.
- ^ a b c Dass, Chhabil (2007-01-01). "Hyphenated Separation Techniques". Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 151–194. doi:10.1002/9780470118498.ch5. ISBN 9780470118498.
- ^ Seger, Christoph; Salzmann, Linda (2020-08-01). "After another decade: LC–MS/MS became routine in clinical diagnostics". Clinical Biochemistry. Advancement and Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Laboratory Medicine. 82: 2–11. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.03.004. ISSN 0009-9120. PMID 32188572. S2CID 213186669.
- ^ a b Pitt, James J (2017-03-12). "Principles and Applications of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Biochemistry". The Clinical Biochemist Reviews. 30 (1): 19–34. ISSN 0159-8090. PMC 2643089. PMID 19224008.
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