Metal–organic framework

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous polymers consisting of metal clusters (also known as Secondary Building Units - SBUs) coordinated to organic ligands to form one-, two- or three-dimensional structures. The organic ligands included are sometimes referred to as "struts" or "linkers", one example being 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC). MOFs are classified as reticular materials.

More formally, a metal–organic framework is a potentially porous extended structure made from metal ions and organic linkers.[1][2][3] An extended structure is a structure whose sub-units occur in a constant ratio and are arranged in a repeating pattern. MOFs are a subclass of coordination networks, which is a coordination compound extending, through repeating coordination entities, in one dimension, but with cross-links between two or more individual chains, loops, or spiro-links, or a coordination compound extending through repeating coordination entities in two or three dimensions. Coordination networks including MOFs further belong to coordination polymers, which is a coordination compound with repeating coordination entities extending in one, two, or three dimensions.[4] Most of the MOFs reported in the literature are crystalline compounds, but there are also amorphous MOFs,[5] and other disordered phases.[6]

In most cases for MOFs, the pores are stable during the elimination of the guest molecules (often solvents) and could be refilled with other compounds. Because of this property, MOFs are of interest for the storage of gases such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Other possible applications of MOFs are in gas purification, in gas separation, in water remediation,[7] in catalysis, as conducting solids and as supercapacitors.[8]

The synthesis and properties of MOFs constitute the primary focus of the discipline called reticular chemistry (from Latin reticulum, "small net").[9] In contrast to MOFs, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are made entirely from light elements (H, B, C, N, and O) with extended structures.[10]

  1. ^ Gao, Pan; Mukherjee, Soumya; Zahid Hussain, Mian; Ye, Song; Wang, Xusheng; Li, Weijin; Cao, Rong; Elsner, Martin; Fischer, Roland A (2024-07-15). "Porphyrin-based MOFs for sensing environmental pollutants". Chemical Engineering Journal. 492: 152377. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.152377. ISSN 1385-8947.
  2. ^ Semrau, Anna Lisa; Stanley, Philip M.; Huber, Dominik; Schuster, Michael; Albada, Bauke; Zuilhof, Han; Cokoja, Mirza; Fischer, Roland A. (2022-02-14). "Vectorial Catalysis in Surface-Anchored Nanometer-Sized Metal–Organic Frameworks-Based Microfluidic Devices". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 61 (8): e202115100. doi:10.1002/anie.202115100. ISSN 1433-7851. PMC 9300199. PMID 34825766.
  3. ^ Fan, Zhiying; Staiger, Lena; Hemmer, Karina; Wang, Zheng; Wang, Weijia; Xie, Qianjie; Zhang, Lunjia; Urstoeger, Alexander; Schuster, Michael; Lercher, Johannes A.; Cokoja, Mirza; Fischer, Roland A. (2022-01-31). "Enhanced catalytic performance of palladium nanoparticles in MOFs by channel engineering". Cell Reports Physical Science. 3 (2): 100757. doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100757. ISSN 2666-3864.
  4. ^ Batten SR, Champness NR, Chen XM, Garcia-Martinez J, Kitagawa S, Öhrström L, O'Keeffe M, Suh MP, Reedijk J (2013). "Terminology of metal–organic frameworks and coordination polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 85 (8): 1715–1724. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-12-11-20. S2CID 96853486.
  5. ^ Bennett, Thomas D.; Cheetham, Anthony K. (2014-05-20). "Amorphous Metal–Organic Frameworks". Accounts of Chemical Research. 47 (5): 1555–1562. doi:10.1021/ar5000314. PMID 24707980.
  6. ^ Bennett, Thomas D.; Coudert, François-Xavier; James, Stuart L.; Cooper, Andrew I. (September 2021). "The changing state of porous materials". Nature Materials. 20 (9): 1179–1187. Bibcode:2021NatMa..20.1179B. doi:10.1038/s41563-021-00957-w. PMID 33859380. S2CID 233239286.
  7. ^ Mon M, Bruno R, Ferrando-Soria J, Armentano D, Pardo E (2018). "Metal–organic framework technologies for water remediation: towards a sustainable ecosystem". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 6 (12): 4912–4947. doi:10.1039/c8ta00264a.
  8. ^ Cejka J, ed. (2011). Metal-Organic Frameworks Applications from Catalysis to Gas Storage. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-32870-3.
  9. ^ O'Keeffe M, Yaghi OM (2005). "Reticular chemistry—Present and future prospects" (PDF). Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 178 (8): v–vi. Bibcode:2005JSSCh.178D...5.. doi:10.1016/S0022-4596(05)00368-3.
  10. ^ Côté AP, Benin AI, Ockwig NW, O'Keeffe M, Matzger AJ, Yaghi OM (November 2005). "Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks". Science. 310 (5751): 1166–70. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1166C. doi:10.1126/science.1120411. PMID 16293756. S2CID 35798005.
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