Periodic trends

In chemistry, periodic trends are specific patterns present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of certain elements when grouped by period and/or group. They were discovered by the Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev in 1863. Major periodic trends include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, nucleophilicity, electrophilicity, valency, nuclear charge, and metallic character.[1] Mendeleev built the foundation of the periodic table.[2] Mendeleev organized the elements based on atomic weight, leaving empty spaces where he believed undiscovered elements would take their places.[3] Mendeleev's discovery of this trend allowed him to predict the existence and properties of three unknown elements, which were later discovered by other chemists and named gallium, scandium, and germanium.[4] English physicist Henry Moseley discovered that organizing the elements by atomic number instead of atomic weight would naturally group elements with similar properties.[3]

  1. ^ Schrobilgen, Gary J. (2019). "Chemistry at the Edge of the Periodic Table: The Importance of Periodic Trends on the Discovery of the Noble Gases and the Development of Noble-Gas Chemistry". In Mingos, D. Michael P. (ed.). The Periodic Table I. Structure and Bonding. Vol. 181. pp. 157–196. doi:10.1007/430_2019_49. ISBN 978-3-030-40024-8.
  2. ^ Edwards, Peter P.; Egdell, Russell G.; Fenske, Dieter; Yao, Benzhen (18 September 2020). "The periodic law of the chemical elements: 'The new system of atomic weights which renders evident the analogies which exist between bodies'". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 378 (2180): 20190537. Bibcode:2020RSPTA.37890537E. doi:10.1098/rsta.2019.0537. PMC 7435142. PMID 32811357.
  3. ^ a b Egdell, Russell G.; Bruton, Elizabeth (2020-09-18). "Henry Moseley, X-ray spectroscopy and the periodic table". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 378 (2180): 20190302. Bibcode:2020RSPTA.37890302E. doi:10.1098/rsta.2019.0302. PMID 32811359.
  4. ^ Sztejnberg, Aleksander (2018). "Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 – 1907), Prominent Russian Scientist. References to His Great Scientific Achievements in the Literature between 1871 and 1917". Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas. 49 (1): 1–13.
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