Sodium-ion battery

Sodium-ion battery
A sodium-ion cell (size 18650)
Specific energy0.27-0.72 MJ/kg (75–200 W·h/kg)
Energy density250–375 W·h/L
Cycle durability"thousands"[1] of cycles
Nominal cell voltage3.0-3.1 V

A Sodium-ion battery (NIB, SIB, or Na-ion batty) is a rechargeable battery that uses sodium ions (Na+) as charge carriers. In some cases, its working principle and cell construction are similar to those of lithium-ion battery (LIB) types, simply replacing lithium with sodium as the intercalating ion. Sodium belongs to the same group in the periodic table as lithium and thus has similar chemical properties. However, designs such as aqueous batteries are quite different from LIBs.

SIBs received academic and commercial interest in the 2010s and early 2020s, largely due to lithium's high cost, uneven geographic distribution, and environmentally-damaging extraction process. Unlike lithium, sodium is abundant,[2] particularly in saltwater. Further, cobalt, copper, and nickel are not required for many types of sodium-ion batteries, and abundant iron-based materials (such as NaFeO
2 with the redox pair)[3] work well in batteries. This is because the ionic radius of Na+ (116 pm) is substantially larger than that of Fe2+ and Fe3+ (69–92 pm depending on the spin state), whereas the ionic radius of Li+ is similar (90 pm). Similar ionic radii of lithium and iron allow them to mix in the cathode during battery cycling, costing cyclable charge. A downside of the larger ionic radius of Na+ is slower intercalation kinetics.[4]

The development of Na+
 batteries started in the 1990s. Companies such as HiNa and CATL in China, Faradion in the United Kingdom, Tiamat in France, Northvolt in Sweden,[5] and Natron Energy in the US, claim to be close to commercialization, employing sodium layered transition metal oxides (NaxTMO
2), Prussian white (a Prussian blue analogue[6]) or vanadium phosphate as cathode materials.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

Sodium-ion accumulators are operational for fixed electrical grid storage, and vehicles with sodium-ion battery packs are commercially available for light scooters made by Yadea which use HuaYu sodium-ion battery technology.[14][15] However, CATL, the world's biggest lithium-ion battery manufacturer, announced in 2022 the start of mass production of SIBs. In February 2023, the Chinese HiNA placed a 140 Wh/kg sodium-ion battery in an electric test car for the first time,[16] and energy storage manufacturer Pylontech obtained the first sodium-ion battery certificate from TÜV Rheinland.[17]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference faradion was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Abraham, K. M. (13 November 2020). "How Comparable Are Sodium-Ion Batteries to Lithium-Ion Counterparts?". ACS Energy Letters. 5 (11): 3544–3547. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02181.
  3. ^ Xie, Man; Wu, Feng; Huang, Yongxin (2022). Sodium-Ion Batteries. doi:10.1515/9783110749069. ISBN 978-3-11-074906-9.
  4. ^ Gaddam, Rohit R.; Zhao, George (2023). Handbook of Sodium-Ion Batteries. doi:10.1201/9781003308744. ISBN 978-1-003-30874-4.
  5. ^ Lawson, Alex. "'Breakthrough battery' from Sweden may cut dependency on China". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  6. ^ Maddar, F. M.; Walker, D.; Chamberlain, T. W.; Compton, J.; Menon, A. S.; Copley, M.; Hasa, I. (2023). "Understanding dehydration of Prussian white: from material to aqueous processed composite electrodes for sodium-ion battery application". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 11 (29): 15778–15791. doi:10.1039/D3TA02570E.
  7. ^ Yadav, Poonam; Shelke, Vilas; Patrike, Apurva; Shelke, Manjusha (2023). "Sodium-based batteries: Development, commercialization journey and new emerging chemistries". Oxford Open Materials Science. 3. doi:10.1093/oxfmat/itac019.
  8. ^ Yadav, P.; Patrike, A.; Wasnik, K.; Shelke, V.; Shelke, M. (2023). "Strategies and practical approaches for stable and high energy density sodium-ion battery: A step closer to commercialization". Materials Today Sustainability. 22 100385. Bibcode:2023MTSus..2200385Y. doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2023.100385.
  9. ^ "Chapter 6 the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries". Sodium-Ion Batteries. 2022. pp. 306–362. doi:10.1515/9783110749069-006. ISBN 978-3-11-074906-9.
  10. ^ Rudola, Ashish; Coowar, Fazlil; Heap, Richard; Barker, Jerry (2021). "The Design, Performance and Commercialization of Faradion's Non-aqueous Na-ion Battery Technology". Na-ion Batteries. pp. 313–344. doi:10.1002/9781119818069.ch8. ISBN 978-1-78945-013-2.
  11. ^ Hijazi, Hussein; Desai, Parth; Mariyappan, Sathiya (2021). "Non-Aqueous Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Challenges and Prospects Towards Commercialization" (PDF). Batteries & Supercaps. 4 (6): 881–896. doi:10.1002/batt.202000277.
  12. ^ Barker, Jerry (2019). "(Invited) the Scale-up and Commercialization of a High Energy Density Na-Ion Battery Technology". ECS Meeting Abstracts: 64. doi:10.1149/ma2019-03/1/64.
    • Deng, Jianqiu; Luo, Wen-Bin; Chou, Shu-Lei; Liu, Hua-Kun; Dou, Shi-Xue (2018). "Sodium-Ion Batteries: From Academic Research to Practical Commercialization". Advanced Energy Materials. 8 (4). Bibcode:2018AdEnM...801428D. doi:10.1002/aenm.201701428.
  13. ^ Bauer, Alexander; Song, Jie; Vail, Sean; Pan, Wei; Barker, Jerry; Lu, Yuhao (2018). "The Scale-up and Commercialization of Nonaqueous Na-Ion Battery Technologies". Advanced Energy Materials. 8 (17). Bibcode:2018AdEnM...802869B. doi:10.1002/aenm.201702869.
  14. ^ Toll, Micah (January 10, 2025). "World's largest EV maker unveils new sodium battery electric motorbikes".
  15. ^ "How electric scooters are driving China's salt battery push". www.bbc.com.
  16. ^ "Hina Battery becomes 1st battery maker to put sodium-ion batteries in EVs in China". CnEVPost. 23 February 2023.
  17. ^ "Pylontech Obtains the World's First Sodium Ion Battery Certificate from TÜV Rheinland". 8 March 2023. ...first company to get international safety standards of sodium ion battery...
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