Acute promyelocytic leukemia

Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Bone marrow smear from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia, showing characteristic abnormal promyelocytes.[1]
SpecialtyHematology and oncology
Usual onset~40 years old[2]
CausesUncontrolled proliferation of promyelocytes[2]
Prognosis80-90% five-year survival rate
FrequencyDevelops in about 600 to 800 people per year (United States)[2]

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML, APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a cancer of the white blood cells.[3] In APL, there is an abnormal accumulation of immature granulocytes called promyelocytes. The disease is characterized by a t(15;17) chromosomal translocation[4] involving the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene and is distinguished from other forms of AML by its responsiveness to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA; also known as tretinoin) therapy. Acute promyelocytic leukemia was first characterized in 1957[5][6] by French and Norwegian physicians as a hyperacute fatal illness,[3] with a median survival time of less than a week.[7] Today, prognoses have drastically improved; 10-year survival rates are estimated to be approximately 80-90% according to one study.[8][7][9]

  1. ^ Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Reference for findings: Syed Zaidi, M.D. "APL with PML-RARA". APL with PML-RARA. Last author update: 1 February 2013
    Source image: File:Faggot cell in AML-M3.jpg from PEIR Digital Library (Pathology image database) Archived 2009-03-01 at the Wayback Machine (Public Domain)
  2. ^ a b c "Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia". National Organization for Rare Disorders. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference MSR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Wafa A, Moassass F, Liehr T, Al-Ablog A, Al-Achkar W (July 2016). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia with the translocation t(15;17)(q22;q21) associated with t(1;2)(q42~43;q11.2~12): a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 10 (1): 203. doi:10.1186/s13256-016-0982-8. PMC 4962467. PMID 27459859.
  5. ^ Tallman MS, Altman JK (2008). "Curative strategies in acute promyelocytic leukemia". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2008: 391–399. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2008.1.391. PMID 19074116.
  6. ^ Hillestad LK (November 1957). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia". Acta Medica Scandinavica. 159 (3): 189–194. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1957.tb00124.x. PMID 13508085.
  7. ^ a b Coombs CC, Tavakkoli M, Tallman MS (April 2015). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future". Blood Cancer Journal. 5 (4): e304. doi:10.1038/bcj.2015.25. PMC 4450325. PMID 25885425.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Blood2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Coombs CC, Tavakkoli M, Tallman MS (April 2015). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future". Blood Cancer Journal. 5 (4): e304. doi:10.1038/bcj.2015.25. PMC 4450325. PMID 25885425.
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