Amenorrhea

Amenorrhea
Other namesAmenorrhea, amenorrhœa
SpecialtyGynecology

Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female organism who has reached reproductive age.[1] Physiological states of amenorrhoea are most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding).[1] In humans, it is where a woman or girl who has reached reproductive age who is not on birth control does not menstruate.

Amenorrhoea is a symptom with many potential causes.[2] Primary amenorrhea is defined as an absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 13 with no menarche or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 15 years of age.[3] It may be caused by developmental problems, such as the congenital absence of the uterus, failure of the ovary to receive or maintain egg cells, or delay in pubertal development.[4] Secondary amenorrhoea, ceasing of menstrual cycles after menarche, is defined as the absence of menses for three months in a woman with previously normal menstruation, or six months for women with a history of oligomenorrhoea.[3] It is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, premature menopause, intrauterine scar formation, or eating disorders.[5][6][7]

  1. ^ a b "Amenorrhea". nichd.nih.gov/. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  2. ^ "Who is at risk of amenorrhea?". nichd.nih.gov/. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
  3. ^ a b Master-Hunter T, Heiman DL (April 2006). "Amenorrhea: evaluation and treatment". American Family Physician. 73 (8): 1374–82. PMID 16669559. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23.
  4. ^ "Absent menstrual periods - primary: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  5. ^ Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Kara; Lock, James (2011-04-11). "Anorexia nervosa". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2011: 1011. ISSN 1752-8526. PMC 3275304. PMID 21481284.
  6. ^ Broome, J. D.; Vancaillie, T. G. (June 1999). "Fluoroscopically guided hysteroscopic division of adhesions in severe Asherman syndrome". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 93 (6): 1041–1043. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00245-8. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 10362178.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference :10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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