Anorectal varices
Anorectal varices are collateral submucosal blood vessels dilated by backflow in the veins of the rectum.[1] Typically this occurs due to portal hypertension which shunts venous blood from the portal system through the portosystemic anastomosis present at this site into the systemic venous system.[2][3] This can also occur in the esophagus, causing esophageal varices, and at the level of the umbilicus, causing caput medusae.[4] Between 44% and 78% of patients with portal hypertension get anorectal varices.[3][5]
- ^ Katz, JA; Rubin, RA; Cope, C; Holland, G; Brass, CA (Jul 1993). "Recurrent bleeding from anorectal varices: successful treatment with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 88 (7): 1104–7. PMID 8317414.
- ^ Hunt AH. 'A contribution to the study of portal hypertension. Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1958: 61.
- ^ a b Chawla, Y; Dilawari, J B (1 March 1991). "Anorectal varices--their frequency in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension". Gut. 32 (3): 309–311. doi:10.1136/gut.32.3.309. PMC 1378841. PMID 2013427.
- ^ Moubarak, Elie; Bouvier, Antoine; Boursier, Jérôme; Lebigot, Jérôme; Ridereau-Zins, Catherine; Thouveny, Francine; Willoteaux, Serge; Aubé, Christophe (15 October 2011). "Portosystemic collateral vessels in liver cirrhosis: a three-dimensional MDCT pictorial review". Abdominal Imaging. 37 (5): 746–766. doi:10.1007/s00261-011-9811-0. PMID 22002160. S2CID 24223637.
- ^ Hosking, SW; Smart, HL; Johnson, AG; Triger, DR (1989-02-18). "Anorectal varices, haemorrhoids, and portal hypertension". Lancet. 1 (8634): 349–52. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91724-8. PMID 2563507. S2CID 29675644.