β-Endorphin
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L-Tyrosylglycylglycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-methionyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl-L-prolyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-threonyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-glutamine
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.056.646 |
PubChem CID
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Chemical formula
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C158H251N39O46S |
| Molar mass | 3465.03 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
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β-Endorphin (beta-endorphin) is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and peptide hormone that is produced in certain neurons within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.[1] It is one of three endorphins that are produced in humans, the others being α-endorphin and γ-endorphin.[2]
There are multiple forms of β-endorphins with the full sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu (31 amino acids) denoted as β-endorphin(1-31) and variants truncated to the first 26 and 27 amino acids as β-endorphin(1-26) and β-endorphin(1-27). [1][3][4] However, β-endorphin(1-31) is the only form that possess a potent analgesic effect and it is the primary form located in the anterior pituitary gland, and regions such as the hypothalamus, midbrain, and amygdala.[5] The first 16 amino acids are identical to α-endorphin. β-Endorphin is considered to be a part of the endogenous opioid and endorphin classes of neuropeptides;[1] all of the established endogenous opioid peptides contain the same N-terminal amino acid sequence, Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, followed by either -Met or -Leu.[1]
Function of β-endorphin has been known to be associated with hunger, thrill, pain, maternal care, sexual behavior, and reward cognition. In the broadest sense, β-endorphin is primarily utilized in the body to reduce stress and maintain homeostasis. In behavioral research, studies have shown that β-endorphin is released via volume transmission into the ventricular system in response to a variety of stimuli, and novel stimuli in particular.[6]
- ^ a b c d Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 7: Neuropeptides". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 184, 190, 192. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
Opioid Peptides
β-Endorphin (also a pituitary hormone) ...
Opioid peptides are encoded by three distinct genes. These precursors include POMC, from which the opioid peptide β-endorphin and several nonopioid peptides are derived, as discussed earlier; proenkephalin, from which met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin are derived; and prodynorphin, which is the precursor of dynorphin and related peptides. Although they come from different precursors, opioid peptides share significant amino acid sequence identity. Specifically, all of the well-validated endogenous opioids contain the same four N-terminal amino acids (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe), followed by either Met or Leu ... Among endogenous opioid peptides, β-endorphin binds preferentially to μ receptors. ... Shared opioid peptide sequences. Although they vary in length from as few as five amino acids (enkephalins) to as many as 31 (β-endorphin), the endogenous opioid peptides shown here contain a shared N-terminal sequence followed by either Met or Leu. - ^ Li Y, Lefever MR, Muthu D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R (February 2012). "Opioid glycopeptide analgesics derived from endogenous enkephalins and endorphins". Future Medicinal Chemistry. 4 (2). Table 1: Endogenous opioid peptides. doi:10.4155/fmc.11.195. PMC 3306179. PMID 22300099.
- ^ Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X (December 2020). "Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (1): 338. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338. PMC 7796446. PMID 33396962.
- ^ DBGET
- ^ Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X (30 December 2020). "Roles of β-endorphin in stress, behavior, neuroinflammation, and brain energy metabolism". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (1): 338. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338. PMC 7796446. PMID 33396962.
- ^ Veening JG, Barendregt HP (January 2015). "The effects of beta-endorphin: state change modification". Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 12: 3. doi:10.1186/2045-8118-12-3. PMC 4429837. PMID 25879522.