Bile acid

Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates.[1] Diverse bile acids are synthesized in the liver in peroxisomes.[1][2] Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts.[1][2]

Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver.[1][2] Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon.[1] In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid) are the major bile salts.[1][2] The salts of their 7-alpha-dehydroxylated derivatives, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, are also found, with derivatives of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids accounting for over 90% of human biliary bile acids.[1]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Chen I, Cassaro S (1 May 2023). "Physiology, Bile Acids". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. PMID 31747172. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d Fogelson KA, Dorrestein PC, Zarrinpar A, et al. (June 2023). "The Gut Microbial Bile Acid Modulation and Its Relevance to Digestive Health and Diseases". Gastroenterology. 164 (7): 1069–1085. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.022. PMC 10205675. PMID 36841488.
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