Brain–computer interface

A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication link between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.[1] They are often conceptualized as a human–machine interface that skips the intermediary of moving body parts (e.g. hands or feet). BCI implementations range from non-invasive (EEG, MEG, MRI) and partially invasive (ECoG and endovascular) to invasive (microelectrode array), based on how physically close electrodes are to brain tissue.[2]

Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).[3][4] Vidal's 1973 paper introduced the expression brain–computer interface into scientific literature.

Due to the cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels.[5] Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices were implanted in humans in the mid-1990s.

  1. ^ Krucoff MO, Rahimpour S, Slutzky MW, Edgerton VR, Turner DA (2016). "Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 10: 584. doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00584. PMC 5186786. PMID 28082858.
  2. ^ Martini, Michael L.; Oermann, Eric Karl; Opie, Nicholas L.; Panov, Fedor; Oxley, Thomas; Yaeger, Kurt (February 2020). "Sensor Modalities for Brain-Computer Interface Technology: A Comprehensive Literature Review". Neurosurgery. 86 (2): E108 – E117. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyz286. ISSN 0148-396X. PMID 31361011.
  3. ^ Vidal JJ (1973). "Toward direct brain-computer communication". Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering. 2 (1): 157–180. doi:10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105. PMID 4583653.
  4. ^ Vidal J (1977). "Real-Time Detection of Brain Events in EEG". Proceedings of the IEEE. 65 (5): 633–641. doi:10.1109/PROC.1977.10542. S2CID 7928242.
  5. ^ Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM, et al. (June 2000). "A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials". IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering. 8 (2): 180–185. doi:10.1109/86.847809. PMID 10896180.
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