CYLD cutaneous syndrome
| CYLD cutaneous syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Multiple familial trichoepithelioma, Brooke–Spiegler syndrome, familial cylindromatosis, epithelioma adenoides cysticum |
| Specialty | Dermatology, surgery, oncology |
| Symptoms | Multiple benign skin tumors |
| Complications | Malignant tumor formation |
| Usual onset | At puberty or earlier |
| Duration | Lifetime |
| Causes | CYLD gene mutations |
| Treatment | Surgical |
| Frequency | Rare |
| Deaths | Rare |
CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS) encompasses three rare inherited cutaneous adnexal tumor syndromes: multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT1) (also termed epithelioma adenoides cysticum and epithelioma adenoides cysticum of Brooke[1]), Brooke–Spiegler syndrome (BSS), and familial cylindromatosis (FC).[2] Cutaneous adnexal tumors are a large group of skin tumors that consist of tissues that have differentiated (i.e. matured from stem cells) towards one of the four primary adnexal structures found in normal skin: hair follicles, sebaceous sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, and eccrine sweat glands.[3] CCS tumors are hair follicle tumors.[2]
Individuals with the MFT1, BSS, and FC forms of CCS carry a germline (i.e. present in the germ cells which give rise to an individual) mutation in one of their two CYLD (i.e. CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase) genes. These individuals have skin tumors that tend to cluster into MFT1, BSS, and/or FC types that differ from each other in their locations, organizations, and microscopic appearances.[4] Nonetheless, members of a single family with CCS can manifest either a FC-, MFT1- or BSS-type pattern.[5] Furthermore, these different patterns have little or no impact on the prognoses or course of individuals with CCS.[4] The term "CYLD cutaneous syndrome" as applied to individuals with MFT1, BSS, or FC hair follicular tumors and carrying a hereditary CYLD mutation was first proposed by Rajan et al. in 2009.[6]
Individuals with CCS generally develop increasing numbers of benign skin tumors beginning in their youth and continuing throughout most of their lives. In uncommon cases, they develop malignant tumors many of which appear to arise from their benign tumors. Tumors that are unacceptably symptomatic, highly disfiguring, or malignant are treated by surgical excision methods plus, in cases of malignancy or other medial considerations, radiation therapy. Radiation therapy alone may be used in cases of surgically inaccessible tumors. All individuals with CCS should have routine yearly or more frequent follow-up examinations to check for the development of malignant tumors. Individuals with CCS along with their close family members should be offered access to in depth genetic counselling.[2] Research is needed to find the best treatments, including drugs, for these tumors.[2]
- ^ Ransac S, Deveer AM, Rivière C, Slotboom AJ, Gancet C, Verger R, De Haas GH (January 1992). "Competitive inhibition of lipolytic enzymes. V. A monolayer study using enantiomeric acylamino analogues of phospholipids as potent competitive inhibitors of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 1123 (1): 92–100. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(92)90175-u. PMID 1730050.
- ^ a b c d Nagy N, Dubois A, Szell M, Rajan N (2021). "Genetic Testing in CYLD Cutaneous Syndrome: An Update". The Application of Clinical Genetics. 14: 427–444. doi:10.2147/TACG.S288274. PMC 8566010. PMID 34744449.
- ^ Zaballos P, Gómez-Martín I, Martin JM, Bañuls J (October 2018). "Dermoscopy of Adnexal Tumors". Dermatologic Clinics. 36 (4): 397–412. doi:10.1016/j.det.2018.05.007. PMID 30201149. S2CID 52185272.
- ^ a b Arruda AP, Cardoso-Dos-Santos AC, Mariath LM, Feira MF, Kowalski TW, Bezerra KR, da Silva LA, Ribeiro EM, Schuler-Faccini L (July 2020). "A large family with CYLD cutaneous syndrome: medical genetics at the community level". Journal of Community Genetics. 11 (3): 279–284. doi:10.1007/s12687-019-00447-2. PMC 7295879. PMID 31792733.
- ^ Verhoeft KR, Ngan HL, Lui VW (2016). "The cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene and head and neck tumorigenesis". Cancers of the Head & Neck. 1: 10. doi:10.1186/s41199-016-0012-y. PMC 6460526. PMID 31093340.
- ^ Rajan N, Langtry JA, Ashworth A, Roberts C, Chapman P, Burn J, Trainer AH (November 2009). "Tumor mapping in 2 large multigenerational families with CYLD mutations: implications for disease management and tumor induction". Archives of Dermatology. 145 (11): 1277–84. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.262. PMC 2935681. PMID 19917957.