Budesonide

Budesonide, sold under the brand name Pulmicort, among others, is a steroid medication.^[7] It is available as an inhaler, nebulization solution, pill, nasal spray, and rectal foam.^[7][8] The inhaled form is used in the long-term management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).^[7][9][10] The nasal spray is used for allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps.^[8][11] Modified-release pills or capsules and rectal forms may be used for inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and microscopic colitis.^[12][13][14]

Common side effects with the inhaled form include respiratory infections, cough, and headaches.^[15] Common side effects with the pills include feeling tired, vomiting, and joint pains.^[15] Serious side effects include an increased risk of infection, loss of bone strength, and cataracts.^[15] Long-term use of the pill form may cause adrenal insufficiency.^[15] Stopping the pills suddenly following long-term use may therefore be dangerous.^[15] The inhaled form is generally safe in pregnancy.^[15] Budesonide chiefly acts as a glucocorticoid.^[15]

Budesonide was initially patented in 1973.^[16] Commercial use as an asthma medication began in 1981.^[17] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.^[18] Some forms are available as a generic medication.^[19][20] In 2022, it was the 177th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.^[21][22]