Cachexia

"Wasting syndrome" redirects here. For the process by which a debilitating disease causes muscle and fat tissue to "waste" away, see wasting.

Cachexia
Other namesWasting syndrome
Person with cancer-associated cachexia
SpecialtyOncology, internal medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation
SymptomsSudden weight loss, altered eating signals
PrognosisVery poor
Frequency1%
Deaths1.5 to 2 million people a year

Cachexia (/kəˈkɛksiə/ ⓘ[1]) is a syndrome that happens when people have certain illnesses, causing muscle loss that cannot be fully reversed with improved nutrition.[2] It is most common in diseases like cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and AIDS.[3][4] These conditions change how the body handles inflammation, metabolism, and brain signaling, leading to muscle loss and other harmful changes to body composition over time.[5] Unlike weight loss from not eating enough, cachexia mainly affects muscle and can happen with or without fat loss.[6] Diagnosis of cachexia is difficult because there are no clear guidelines, and its occurrence varies from one affected person to the next.[7]

Like malnutrition, cachexia can lead to worse health outcomes and lower quality of life.[8][9][10]

  1. ^ "Cachexia | Definition of Cachexia by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference fearon-2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P, et al. (2017). "ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition". Clinical Nutrition. 36 (1): 49–64. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.004. hdl:11368/2883964. PMID 27642056.
  4. ^ Muscaritoli M, Anker S, Argilés J, et al. (2009). "Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics"". Clinical Nutrition. 29 (2): 154–159. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.004. PMID 20060626.
  5. ^ Ferrer M, Anthony TG, Ayres JS, et al. (2023). "Cachexia: A systemic consequence of progressive, unresolved disease". Cell. 186 (9): 1824–1845. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.028. PMC 11059056. PMID 37116469.
  6. ^ Fearon KC, Glass DJ, Guttridge DC (August 2012). "Cancer Cachexia: Mediators, Signaling, and Metabolic Pathways". Cell Metabolism. 16 (2): 153–166. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.011. PMID 22795476.
  7. ^ Sadeghi M, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Baracos V, et al. (1 July 2018). "Cancer cachexia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 127: 91–104. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.006. ISSN 1040-8428.
  8. ^ Norman K, Pichard C, Lochs H, et al. (2008). "Prognostic impact of disease-related malnutrition". Clinical Nutrition. 27 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2007.10.007. PMID 18061312.
  9. ^ Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, et al. (December 2008). "Cachexia: a new definition". Clinical Nutrition. 27 (6): 793–9. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013. PMID 18718696. S2CID 206821612.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  10. ^ Bossi P, Delrio P, Mascheroni A, et al. (9 June 2021). "The Spectrum of Malnutrition/Cachexia/Sarcopenia in Oncology According to Different Cancer Types and Settings: A Narrative Review". Nutrients. 13 (6): 1980. doi:10.3390/nu13061980. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 8226689. PMID 34207529.
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