Chloramphenicol
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Chloromycetin, Abeed, others[1] |
| Other names | C/CHL/CL[2] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a608008 |
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| Routes of administration | Topical (eye drops), by mouth, intravenous, intramuscular |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 75–90% |
| Protein binding | 60% |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Elimination half-life | 1.6–3.3 hours |
| Excretion | Kidney (5–15%), faeces (4%) |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.262 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C11H12Cl2N2O5 |
| Molar mass | 323.13 g·mol−1 |
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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.[4] This includes use as an eye ointment to treat conjunctivitis.[5] By mouth or by injection into a vein, it is used to treat meningitis, plague, cholera, and typhoid fever.[4] Its use by mouth or by injection is only recommended when safer antibiotics cannot be used.[4] Monitoring both blood levels of the medication and blood cell levels every two days is recommended during treatment.[4]
Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, nausea, and diarrhea.[4] The bone marrow suppression may result in death.[4] To reduce the risk of side effects treatment duration should be as short as possible.[4] People with liver or kidney problems may need lower doses.[4] In young infants, a condition known as gray baby syndrome may occur which results in a swollen stomach and low blood pressure.[4] Its use near the end of pregnancy and during breastfeeding is typically not recommended.[6] Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that typically stops bacterial growth by stopping the production of proteins.[4]
Chloramphenicol was discovered after being isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947.[7] Its chemical structure was identified and it was first synthesized in 1949. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] It is available as a generic medication.[4]
- ^ Woods AL (2008). Delmar nurse's drug handbook (2009 ed.). Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar. p. 296. ISBN 9781428361065. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
- ^ "Antibiotic abbreviations list". Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ "Chloramphenicol". PubChem. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Chloramphenicol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ Edwards KH (2009). Optometry: Science, Techniques and Clinical Management. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 102. ISBN 978-0750687782. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Chloramphenicol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Multum Information Services. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ Pongs O (1979). "Chapter 3: Chloramphenicol". In Hahn FE (ed.). Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Agents. Antibiotics Volume V Part 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 26–42. ISBN 978-3-642-46403-4.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.