Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
| Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop | |
|---|---|
Connections of the basal ganglia. | |
| Details | |
| Part of | Cerebrum |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |
The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop (CBGTC loop) is a system of neural circuits in the brain. The loop involves connections between the cortex, the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and back to the cortex. It is of particular relevance to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease,[1] as well as to mental disorders of control, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),[2] obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD),[3] and Tourette syndrome.[4]
The CBGTC loop primarily consists of modulatory dopaminergic projections from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area as well as excitatory glutamatergic projections from the cortex to the striatum, where these projections form synapses with excitatory and inhibitory pathways that relay back to the cortex. The loop was originally proposed as a part of a model of the basal ganglia called the parallel processing model, which has been criticized and modified into another model called the center surround model.[5]
Current organization schemes characterize cortico-basal ganglia interactions as segregated parallel processing, meaning there is little convergence of distinct cortical areas in the basal ganglia. This is thought to explain the topographically organized functionality of the striatum.[4] The striatum is organized on a rostro-caudal axis, with the rostral putamen and caudate serving associative and cognitive functions and the caudal areas serving sensorimotor function.[6] Sometimes when the striatum is the expressed target the loop is referred to as the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop.[7]
- ^ Silkis, I. (1 January 2001). "The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit with synaptic plasticity. II. Mechanism of synergistic modulation of thalamic activity via the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia". Bio Systems. 59 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/S0303-2647(00)00135-0. ISSN 0303-2647. PMID 11226622.
- ^ Maia, Tiago V.; Frank, Michael J. (15 January 2017). "From Reinforcement Learning Models of the Basal Ganglia to the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders". Nature Neuroscience. 14 (2): 154–162. doi:10.1038/nn.2723. ISSN 1097-6256. PMC 4408000. PMID 21270784.
- ^ Maia, Tiago V.; Cooney, Rebecca E.; Peterson, Bradley S. (1 January 2008). "The Neural Bases of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adults". Development and Psychopathology. 20 (4): 1251–1283. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000606. ISSN 0954-5794. PMC 3079445. PMID 18838041.
- ^ a b DeLong, Mahlon; Wichmann, Thomas (15 January 2017). "Changing Views of Basal Ganglia Circuits and Circuit Disorders". Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 41 (2): 61–67. doi:10.1177/155005941004100204. ISSN 1550-0594. PMC 4305332. PMID 20521487.
- ^ Utter, Amy A.; Basso, Michele A. (1 January 2008). "The basal ganglia: an overview of circuits and function". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 32 (3): 333–342. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.11.003. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 17202023. S2CID 810947.
- ^ Kim, HF; Hikosaka, O (July 2015). "Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and automatic behaviour to reach rewards". Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 138 (Pt 7): 1776–800. doi:10.1093/brain/awv134. PMC 4492412. PMID 25981958.
- ^ Fettes, P.; Schulze, L.; Downar, J. (2017). "Cortico-Striatal-Thalamic Loop Circuits of the Orbitofrontal Cortex: Promising Therapeutic Targets in Psychiatric Illness". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 11: 25. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2017.00025. PMC 5406748. PMID 28496402.