External reference pricing

Countries using external reference pricing (ERP) for medications cost-containment policies in 2018 or latest data.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Categories of medications include generics, patented, reimbursed-only or imported medicines.
  ERP used as main criterion for at least one category of medications
  ERP as at least a supportive information
  Unknown criteria
  Experimental or informal use of ERP
  Not using ERP
  Using internal reference pricing

External reference pricing (ERP), also known as international reference pricing, is the practice of regulating the price of a medication in one country, by comparing with the price in a "basket" of other reference countries. It contrasts with internal reference pricing, where the price of one drug is compared to the domestic price of therapeutically related drugs, and with cost-plus pricing, where the price involves negotiating an acceptable markup to the unit cost to develop and produce.[8]: 300 

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Remuzat2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference EC2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference WHOHAI2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rida2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Bangalee, Varsha; Suleman, Fatima (28 September 2018). "A Comparative Study on Medicine Pricing in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS)". Global Journal of Health Science. 10 (10): 152. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v10n10p152.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Holtorf2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "Use of External Reference Pricing for Medicines". www.haiweb.org. Health Action International. 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  8. ^ Saeed, Amna; Li, Zongjie; Kabba, John Alimamy; Yang, Caijun; Fang, Yu (2019). "External Reference Pricing and Medicines". Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-812736-0.
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