Flumazenil

Flumazenil
Clinical data
Trade names	Anexate, others
Other names	ethyl 8-fluoro- 5,6-dihydro- 5-methyl- 6-oxo- 4H- imidazo [1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine- 3-carboxylate, RO 15-1788
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
License data	US DailyMed: Flumazenil;
Pregnancy; category	AU: B3;
Routes of; administration	Intranasal, intravenous
ATC code	V03AB25 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only); BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances); CA: ℞-only; UK: POM (Prescription only); US: ℞-only; In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Liver
Elimination half-life	7–15 min (initial) ; 20–30 min (brain) ; 40–80 min (terminal)
Excretion	Urine 90–95% ; Feces 5–10%
Identifiers
	IUPAC name Ethyl 8-fluoro-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-3-carboxylate;
CAS Number	78755-81-4 ;
PubChem CID	3373;
IUPHAR/BPS	4192;
DrugBank	DB01205 ;
ChemSpider	3256 ;
UNII	40P7XK9392;
KEGG	D00697 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:5103 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL407 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2023064 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.128.069
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C15H14FN3O3
Molar mass	303.293 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES Fc(c1)ccc-2c1C(=O)N(C)Cc3n2cnc3C(=O)OCC;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H14FN3O3/c1-3-22-15(21)13-12-7-18(2)14(20)10-6-9(16)4-5-11(10)19(12)8-17-13/h4-6,8H,3,7H2,1-2H3 ; Key:OFBIFZUFASYYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	(verify)

Flumazenil, also known as flumazepil,^[2] is a selective GABA_A receptor antagonist^[3] administered via injection, otic insertion, or intranasally. Therapeutically, it acts as both an antagonist and antidote to benzodiazepines (particularly in cases of overdose), through competitive inhibition.

It was first characterized in 1981,^[4] and was first marketed in 1987 by Hoffmann-La Roche under the trade name Anexate. However, it did not receive FDA approval until December 1991. The developer lost its exclusive patent rights in 2008 and generic formulations are available. Intravenous flumazenil is primarily used to treat benzodiazepine overdoses and to help reverse anesthesia. Administration of flumazenil by sublingual lozenge and topical cream has also been tested.^[5]^[6]

^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
^ Hunkeler W, Möhler H, Pieri L, Polc P, Bonetti EP, Cumin R, et al. (April 1981). "Selective antagonists of benzodiazepines". Nature. 290 (5806): 514–516. Bibcode:1981Natur.290..514H. doi:10.1038/290514a0. PMID 6261143. S2CID 4340263.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
^ Whitwam JG, Amrein R (1 January 1995). "Pharmacology of flumazenil". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 108: 3–14. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04374.x. PMID 8693922. S2CID 24494744.
^ Whitwam JG (October 1988). "Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist". BMJ. 297 (6655): 999–1000. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6655.999. PMC 1834756. PMID 2903780.
^ Rye DB, Bliwise DL, Parker K, Trotti LM, Saini P, Fairley J, et al. (November 2012). "Modulation of vigilance in the primary hypersomnias by endogenous enhancement of GABAA receptors". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (161): 161ra151. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004685. PMID 23175709. S2CID 44236050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
^ Clinical trial number NCT01183312 for "Flumazenil for the Treatment of Primary Hypersomnia" at ClinicalTrials.gov

[1] Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

[2] Hunkeler W, Möhler H, Pieri L, Polc P, Bonetti EP, Cumin R, et al. (April 1981). "Selective antagonists of benzodiazepines". Nature. 290 (5806): 514–516. Bibcode:1981Natur.290..514H. doi:10.1038/290514a0. PMID 6261143. S2CID 4340263.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)

[3] Whitwam JG, Amrein R (1 January 1995). "Pharmacology of flumazenil". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 108: 3–14. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04374.x. PMID 8693922. S2CID 24494744.

[4] Whitwam JG (October 1988). "Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist". BMJ. 297 (6655): 999–1000. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6655.999. PMC 1834756. PMID 2903780.

[ref-orig-13-5] Rye DB, Bliwise DL, Parker K, Trotti LM, Saini P, Fairley J, et al. (November 2012). "Modulation of vigilance in the primary hypersomnias by endogenous enhancement of GABAA receptors". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (161): 161ra151. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004685. PMID 23175709. S2CID 44236050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)

[6] Clinical trial number NCT01183312 for "Flumazenil for the Treatment of Primary Hypersomnia" at ClinicalTrials.gov

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