Formic acid

Formic acid
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Formic acid
	Systematic IUPAC name Methanoic acid
	Other names Formylic acid; Methylic acid; Hydrogencarboxylic acid; Hydroxy(oxo)methane; Metacarbonoic acid; Oxocarbinic acid; Oxomethanol; Hydroxymethylene oxide;
Identifiers
CAS Number	64-18-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Beilstein Reference	1209246
ChEBI	CHEBI:30751 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL116736 ;
ChemSpider	278 ;
DrugBank	DB01942 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.527
EC Number	200-579-1;
E number	E236 (preservatives)
Gmelin Reference	1008
KEGG	C00058 ;
PubChem CID	284;
RTECS number	LQ4900000;
UNII	0YIW783RG1 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2024115 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/HCOOH/c2-1-3/h1H,(H,2,3) Key: BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/HCOOH/c2-1-3/h1H,(H,2,3) Key: BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYAT;
	SMILES O=CO;
Properties
Chemical formula	CH2O2
Molar mass	46.025 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless fuming liquid
Odor	Pungent, penetrating
Density	1.220 g/mL
Melting point	8.4 °C (47.1 °F; 281.5 K)
Boiling point	100.8 °C (213.4 °F; 373.9 K)
Solubility in water	Miscible
Solubility	Miscible with ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, glycerol, methanol, ethanol ; Partially soluble in benzene, toluene, xylenes
log P	−0.54
Vapor pressure	35 mmHg (20 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	3.745
Conjugate base	Formate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−19.90×10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.3714 (20 °C)
Viscosity	1.57 cP at 268 °C
Structure
Molecular shape	Planar
Dipole moment	1.41 D (gas)
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	131.8 J/mol K
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−425.0 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcH⦵298)	−254.6 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATCvet code	QP53AG01 (WHO)
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Corrosive; irritant;; sensitizer
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H314
Precautionary statements	P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 2 0
Flash point	69 °C (156 °F; 342 K)
Autoignition; temperature	601 °C (1,114 °F; 874 K)
Explosive limits	14–34%; 18–57% (90% solution)
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	700 mg/kg (mouse, oral), 1100 mg/kg (rat, oral), 4000 mg/kg (dog, oral)
LC50 (median concentration)	7853 ppm (rat, 15 min); 3246 ppm (mouse, 15 min)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	30 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS)	MSDS from JT Baker
Related compounds
Related carboxylic acids	Acetic acid; Propionic acid
Related compounds	Formaldehyde; Methanol
Supplementary data page
	Formic acid (data page)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Formic acid (from Latin formica 'ant'), systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid. It has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure H−C(=O)−O−H. This acid is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. Esters, salts, and the anion derived from formic acid are called formates. Industrially, formic acid is produced from methanol.^[5]

^ ^a ^b Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H. (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 745. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0296". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Smith, Robert M.; Martell, Arthur E. (1989). Critical Stability Constants Volume 6: Second Supplement. New York: Plenum Press. p. 299. ISBN 0-306-43104-1.
^ ^a ^b "Formic acid". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
^ "Formic acid". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 21 November 2023.

[iupac2013-1] Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H. (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 745. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.

[PGCH-2] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0296". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[Smith_R-3] Smith, Robert M.; Martell, Arthur E. (1989). Critical Stability Constants Volume 6: Second Supplement. New York: Plenum Press. p. 299. ISBN 0-306-43104-1.

[IDLH-4] "Formic acid". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015.

[5] "Formic acid". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 21 November 2023.

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