Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
| Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Frozen shoulder |
| The right shoulder and glenohumeral joint. | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics |
| Symptoms | Shoulder pain, stiffness[1] |
| Complications | Fracture of the humerus, biceps tendon rupture[2] |
| Usual onset | 40 to 60 year old[1] |
| Duration | May last years[1] |
| Types | Primary, secondary[2] |
| Causes | Often unknown, prior shoulder injury[1][2] |
| Risk factors | Diabetes, hypothyroidism[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Pinched nerve, autoimmune disease, biceps tendinopathy, osteoarthritis, rotator cuff tear, cancer, bursitis[1] |
| Treatment | NSAIDs, physical therapy, steroids, injecting the shoulder at high pressure, surgery[1] |
| Frequency | 2 to 5%[1] |
Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition associated with shoulder pain and stiffness.[1] It is a common shoulder ailment that is marked by pain and a loss of range of motion, particularly in external rotation.[3] There is a loss of the ability to move the shoulder, both voluntarily and by others, in multiple directions.[1][2] The shoulder itself, however, does not generally hurt significantly when touched.[1] Muscle loss around the shoulder may also occur.[1] Onset is gradual over weeks to months.[2] Complications can include fracture of the humerus or biceps tendon rupture.[2]
The cause in most cases is unknown.[1] The condition can also occur after injury or surgery to the shoulder.[2] Risk factors include diabetes and thyroid disease.[1][4][5]
The underlying mechanism involves inflammation and scarring.[2][6] The diagnosis is generally based on a person's symptoms and a physical exam.[1] The diagnosis may be supported by an MRI.[1] Adhesive capsulitis has been linked to diabetes and hypothyroidism, according to research. Adhesive capsulitis was five times more common in diabetic patients than in the control group, according to a meta-analysis published in 2016.[3]
The condition often resolves itself over time without intervention but this may take several years.[1] While a number of treatments, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, steroids, and injecting the shoulder at high pressure, may be tried, it is unclear what is best.[1] Surgery may be suggested for those who do not get better after a few months.[1] The prevalence of adhesive capsulitis is estimated at 2% to 5% of the general population.[1] It is more common in people 40–60 years of age and in women.[1]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Ramirez J (March 2019). "Adhesive Capsulitis: Diagnosis and Management". American Family Physician. 99 (5): 297–300. PMID 30811157.
- ^ a b c d e f g h St Angelo, John M.; Taqi, Muhammad; Fabiano, Sarah E. (2023). "Adhesive Capsulitis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30422550. NCBI NBK532955.
- ^ a b Chiang J, Dugan J (June 2016). "Adhesive capsulitis". JAAPA. 29 (6): 58–59. doi:10.1097/01.jaa.0000482308.78810.c1. PMID 27228046.
- ^ Dyer, Brett Paul; Rathod-Mistry, Trishna; Burton, Claire; van der Windt, Danielle; Bucknall, Milica (January 2023). "Diabetes as a risk factor for the onset of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 13 (1): e062377. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062377. PMC 9815013. PMID 36599641.
- ^ Chuang, Shu-Han; Chen, Yu-Pin; Huang, Shu-Wei; Kuo, Yi-Jie (June 2023). "Association between adhesive capsulitis and thyroid disease: a meta-analysis". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 32 (6): 1314–1322. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2023.01.033. PMID 36871608. S2CID 257358656.
- ^ Redler LH, Dennis ER (June 2019). "Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 27 (12): e544 – e554. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00606. PMID 30632986. S2CID 58539669.