Human coronavirus NL63

Human coronavirus NL63
Transmission electron micrograph of HCoV-NL63
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus: Setracovirus
Species:
Alphacoronavirus amsterdamense
Synonyms
  • Human coronavirus NL63
  • HCoV-NL63

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, Alphacoronavirus amsterdamense)[1] is a species of coronavirus, assigned to the subgenus Setracovirus and the genus Alphacoronavirus. It was identified in late 2004 in patients in the Netherlands by Lia van der Hoek and Krzysztof Pyrc[2] using a novel virus discovery method VIDISCA.[3] Later on the discovery was confirmed by the researchers from Rotterdam.[4] The virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to ACE2.[5][6][7] Infection with the virus has been confirmed worldwide, and has an association with many common symptoms and diseases. Associated diseases include mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infection, croup and bronchiolitis.[8][9][10]

The virus is found primarily in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory illness. It also has a seasonal association in temperate climates. A study performed in Amsterdam estimated the presence of HCoV-NL63 in approximately 4.7% of common respiratory illnesses.[8] The natural reservoirs are palm civets and bats.[11] Estimates of its divergence from another coronavirus (HCoV-229E) are around 1000 years ago; it has likely circulated in humans for centuries.[12]

The evolution of HCoV-NL63 appears to have involved recombination between an ancestral NL63-like virus circulating in African Triaenops afer bats and a CoV 229E-like virus circulating in Hipposideros bats.[13] Recombinant viruses can arise when two viral genomes are present in the same host cell.

  1. ^ "Taxon Details | ICTV". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  2. ^ van der Hoek, Lia; Pyrc, Krzysztof; Jebbink, Maarten F.; Vermeulen-Oost, Wilma; Berkhout, Ron J. M.; Wolthers, Katja C.; Wertheim-van Dillen, Pauline M. E.; Kaandorp, Jos; Spaargaren, Joke; Berkhout, Ben (April 2004). "Identification of a new human coronavirus". Nature Medicine. 10 (4): 368–373. doi:10.1038/nm1024. ISSN 1546-170X. PMC 7095789. PMID 15034574.
  3. ^ Pyrc, Krzysztof; Jebbink, Maarten F.; Berkhout, Ben; van der Hoek, Lia (2008), Cavanagh, Dave (ed.), "Detection of New Viruses by VIDISCA: Virus Discovery Based on cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism", SARS- and Other Coronaviruses: Laboratory Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 454, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 73–89, doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_7, ISBN 978-1-59745-181-9, PMC 7121709, PMID 19057862, retrieved 2023-06-09
  4. ^ Fouchier RA, Hartwig NG, Bestebroer TM, Niemeyer B, de Jong JC, Simon JH, Osterhaus AD (Apr 2004). "A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101 (16): 6212–6216. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.6212F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400762101. PMC 395948. PMID 15073334.
  5. ^ Hofmann, Heike; Pyrc, Krzysztof; van der Hoek, Lia; Geier, Martina; Berkhout, Ben; Pöhlmann, Stefan (2005-05-31). "Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (22): 7988–7993. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.7988H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409465102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1142358. PMID 15897467.
  6. ^ "ACE2 angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 - Gene". NCBI. 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2020-03-21. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme family of dipeptidyl carboxydipeptidases and has considerable homology to human angiotensin 1 converting enzyme. This secreted protein catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin 1-9, and angiotensin II into the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. The organ- and cell-specific expression of this gene suggests that it may play a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function, as well as fertility. In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus).
  7. ^ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.). Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC 4369385. PMID 25720466.
  8. ^ a b van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Berkhout B (September 2006). "Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 30 (5): 760–73. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x. PMC 7109777. PMID 16911043.
  9. ^ Hoek, Lia van der; Sure, Klaus; Ihorst, Gabriele; Stang, Alexander; Pyrc, Krzysztof; Jebbink, Maarten F.; Petersen, Gudula; Forster, Johannes; Berkhout, Ben; Überla, Klaus (2005-08-23). "Croup Is Associated with the Novel Coronavirus NL63". PLOS Medicine. 2 (8): e240. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020240. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 1188248. PMID 16104827.
  10. ^ Abdul-Rasool S, Fielding BC (May 2010). "Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63". The Open Virology Journal. 4: 76–84. doi:10.2174/1874357901004010076. PMC 2918871. PMID 20700397.
  11. ^ Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25). "Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions". Diseases. 4 (3): 26. doi:10.3390/diseases4030026. ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 5456285. PMID 28933406. See Table 1.
  12. ^ Pyrc, K (2006). "Mosaic structure of human coronavirus NL63, one thousand years of evolution". J. Mol. Biol. 364 (5): 964–973. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.074. ISSN 0022-2836. PMC 7094706. PMID 17054987.
  13. ^ Tao, Y.; Shi, M.; Chommanard, C.; Queen, K.; Zhang, J.; Markotter, W.; Kuzmin, I. V.; Holmes, E. C.; Tong, S. (2017). "Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History". Journal of Virology. 91 (5). doi:10.1128/JVI.01953-16. PMC 5309958. PMID 28077633.
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