Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
| Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder | |
|---|---|
| A visual simulation of HPPD, often referred to as visual snow | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
| Symptoms | Visual disturbance |
| Types |
|
| Causes | Primarily associated with the use of psychedelic substances |
| Prognosis |
|
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a non-psychotic disorder in which a person experiences lasting or persistent visual hallucinations or perceptual distortions after using drugs.[1] This includes after psychedelics, dissociatives, entactogens, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and SSRIs.[2][3] Despite being a hallucinogen-specific disorder, the specific contributory role of psychedelic drugs is unknown.
Symptoms may include visual snow, trails and after images (palinopsia), light fractals on flat surfaces, intensified colors, altered motion perception, pareidolia, micropsia, and macropsia.[3] Floaters and visual snow may occur in other conditions.[4][5]
For the diagnosis, other psychological, psychiatric, and neurological conditions must be ruled out and it must cause distress in everyday life.[6] In the DSM-5 it is diagnostic code 292.89 (F16.983).[6] In the ICD-10, the diagnosis code F16.7 corresponds most closely. It is rarely recognized by hallucinogen users and psychiatrists, and is often misdiagnosed as a substance-induced psychosis.
It is divided into two types HPPD I and HPPD II.[3] The more drastic cases, as seen in HPPD II, are believed to be caused by the use of psychedelics as well as associated mental disorders.[3] Some people report symptoms after their first use of drugs (most notably LSD). There is little information on effective treatments.[7]
The underlying mechanisms is not well understood. One hypotheses suggests anxiety may amplify existing visual disturbances and potentially trigger these visual phenomena. Many report that their visual distortions become more pronounced or even emerge during periods of heightened anxiety or stress.
- ^ Vis PJ, Goudriaan AE, Ter Meulen BC, Blom JD (2021). "On Perception and Consciousness in HPPD: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15: 675768. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.675768. PMC 8385145. PMID 34456666.
- ^ "New Study: Antidepressants, Vision Problems, & VSS!". 20 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d Martinotti G, Santacroce R, Pettorruso M, Montemitro C, Spano MC, Lorusso M, et al. (March 2018). "Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives". Brain Sciences. 8 (3): 47. doi:10.3390/brainsci8030047. PMC 5870365. PMID 29547576.
- ^ Zobor D, Strasser T, Zobor G, Schober F, Messias A, Strauss O, et al. (April 2015). "Ophthalmological assessment of cannabis-induced persisting perception disorder: is there a direct retinal effect?". Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 130 (2): 121–130. doi:10.1007/s10633-015-9481-2. PMID 25612939. S2CID 9684212.
- ^ Krebs TS, Johansen PØ (19 August 2013). "Psychedelics and mental health: a population study". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e63972. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...863972K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063972. PMC 3747247. PMID 23976938.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Halpern_2016was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Halpern JH, Pope HG (March 2003). "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we know after 50 years?". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 69 (2): 109–119. doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00306-x. PMID 12609692.