Hallucinogenic bolete mushroom

Not to be confused with psilocybin-containing mushroom or Amanita muscaria.

Hallucinogenic bolete mushrooms, also known as psychoactive bolete mushrooms or as "xiao ren ren" mushrooms, are bolete mushrooms that produce hallucinogenic effects and are a type of hallucinogenic mushroom.[1][3][4][5][6][7] They have been reported in Papua New Guinea, China, and the Philippines.[1][4][5][8]

The exact species of the mushrooms, their active constituents, and their mechanism of action have all yet to be fully clarified.[3] However, among the most frequently implicated species is Lanmaoa asiatica.[1][9][10][11][12][13] Hallucinogenic bolete mushrooms are said to make people see the "xiao ren ren" or "little people" and hence to experience Lilliputian hallucinations.[6][12][1] Lilliputian hallucinations are a unique type of hallucination and are not necessarily consistent with the hallucinogenic effects of other psychoactive mushrooms.[12][14]

Other much more well-known hallucinogenic mushrooms include psilocybin-containing mushrooms (which contain the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin) and Amanita muscaria mushrooms (which contain the GABAA receptor agonist and dissociative hallucinogen muscimol).[4][15][16][17]

  1. ^ a b c d e Samorini G (2024). "A new interpretation of the "mushroom madness" of New Guinea". Antrocom J. Of Anthropology. 20 (2): 5–25. ISSN 1973-2880.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference XiaoZhengHui2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b Plazas E, Faraone N (February 2023). "Indole Alkaloids from Psychoactive Mushrooms: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential as Psychotherapeutic Agents". Biomedicines. 11 (2): 461. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020461. PMC 9953455. PMID 36830997. Table 2. Classification of psychoactive mushrooms, bioactive markers, and psychotropic mechanism according to Guzman et al. [42]. [...] Group: 4. Psychoactive Markers: Indole-type alkaloids. Scaffold: Not fully identified. Example: Chemical studies are still required. Psychotropic Mechanism: Not elucidated yet. Representative Mushroom Genus: Boletus, Heimiella, Russula and some gasteromycetes. [...] Finally, in the fourth group, Guzman suggested to gather basidiomycetes of the Russula, Boletus, and Heimiella genera, as well as other gasteroid mushrooms, which are recognized as sacred in different tribes worldwide but lack accurate chemical identification of their psychoactive compounds. In this context, chemical and pharmacological studies featuring these basidiomycetes are still required to have their psychoactive markers identified. [...] Table 3. Structure, sources, and extraction methods of some representative mushroom-derived indole alkaloids. [...] Indole Type: β-carbolines. Alkaloid: β-Carboline-1-propanoic acid. Fungal Sources: Boletus curtisii and Cortinarius brunneus. Extraction Methods: [...] Ref.: [55,65].
  4. ^ a b c Guzmán G (2015). "New Studies on Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: History, Diversity, and Applications in Psychiatry". Int J Med Mushrooms. 17 (11): 1019–1029. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v17.i11.10. PMID 26853956. Concerning the bolets and russules (Figs. 4 and 5), these mushrooms were used in Papua New Guinea some time ago, in some shamanic practices.12,13 They produced some stages of madness in the people12–14; however, we have but little and confusing information on them, even though the first works began in 1947.14 We also have information on some edible bolets from China,15,16 where some bolets are sold in the markets, but with the advice from the sellers, that it is necessary to cook the mushrooms well. In some reports, the raw mushrooms produced visions of some little men or soldiers marching on the table.16 [...] Some bolets and russules were used in Papua New Guinea,4,12–14 and certainly edible bolets producing hallucinations were used in China if they were not well cooked.15,16 [...] Of these works, that by Dikov described some anthropoid petroglyphs in Siberia, which seem to be representations of the use of A. muscaria by the Siberians. However, Guzmán studied copies of those petroglyphs shown by Samorini33 and observed some isolated fungoid figures that are similar to some bolets. If this is true, we have an interesting connection with those bolets used in Papua New Guinea and China,15,16 which needs more study.
  5. ^ a b Yu, Fuqiang; Guerin-Laguette, Alexis; Wang, Yun (2020). "Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultural Importance in Yunnan, China". Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 163–204. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37378-8_6. ISBN 978-3-030-37377-1. Some boletes known as "jian-shou-qing" (turning blue when bruised or cut) are considered hallucinogenic, causing visions that Yunnan's people call "xiao-ren-ren" (little men or little people, similar to the "Lilliputian hallucinations" found in the Kuma people from New Guinea) (Arora 2008). Among these boletes are Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Lanmaoa asiatica, and Sutorius magnificus, all commonly collected in Yunnan and even more popular than porcini (Fig. 6.10) (Wang et al. 2004). Though some of these species can cause gastrointestinal distress, the local people continue to consume them (Arora 2008).
  6. ^ a b Arora, David (2008). "Notes on Economic Mushrooms. Xiao Ren Ren: The "Little People" of Yunnan" (PDF). Economic Botany. 62 (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 540–544. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9049-0. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 40390492. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  7. ^ Stijve T (1997). "Hallucinogenic Boletes in China?" (PDF). Eleusis: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds. 7: 33. During a recent trip to China, the American mycologist David Arora observed that in some regions more than 50 different boletes are sold and eaten. Most popular are strongly blueing species. Arora was surprised to learn that everybody, i.e. farmers, pickers, sellers and shopkeepers gave warnings which all amounted to the same thing: if you don't cook those boletes well enough, you will see "the little men". This was of course most intriguing, and Arora actually interviewed some persons who could matter-of-factly recount their experiences. A young woman working as a computer operator remembered vividly that, when she was a child, she and her sister (the two youngest in the family) showed symptoms after having eaten blueing boletes at home. She recalled very clearly that walls and shapes were moving, and when she stared at a dripping water faucet, each droplet falling in the sink would turn into an insect and crawl away. This continued for as long as two days (!), and their mother never again served boletes to her family. A more recent case concerned a university graduate who consumed apparently unsufficiently cooked boletes and soon after saw a whole regiment of 2 cm tall soldiers marching over the table-cloth. This is rather odd, since psychoactive boletes are unknown in Europe and in the USA. There is only the well-known work of Roger Heim et al. mentioning the use of boletes by the Kuma tribe of New Guinea to induce a kind of collective mania. However, these authors were unable to isolate any active principle, and its very existence has been questioned. The self-experiments made by the investigators did not convince them. I would appreciate to hear from readers who heard about or underwent similar experiences, in China or elsewhere. Any suggestions as to the identity of these boletes would be most welcome.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Domnauer2024a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference LiZhangLiu2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference LiLiFu2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference LiZhangZhang2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference DomnauerDentinger2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference DaiDuanYang2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Blom JD (June 2021). "Leroy's elusive little people: A systematic review on lilliputian hallucinations". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 125: 627–636. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.002. PMID 33676962.
  15. ^ Pepe M, Hesami M, de la Cerda KA, Perreault ML, Hsiang T, Jones AM (December 2023). "A journey with psychedelic mushrooms: From historical relevance to biology, cultivation, medicinal uses, biotechnology, and beyond". Biotechnol Adv. 69: 108247. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247. PMID 37659744.
  16. ^ Michelot D, Melendez-Howell LM (February 2003). "Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology". Mycol Res. 107 (Pt 2): 131–146. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007305. PMID 12747324.
  17. ^ Li C, Oberlies NH (December 2005). "The most widely recognized mushroom: chemistry of the genus Amanita" (PDF). Life Sci. 78 (5): 532–538. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.003. PMID 16203016.
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