Ideas and delusions of reference

Ideas of reference and delusions of reference describe the phenomenon of an individual experiencing innocuous events or mere coincidences[1] and believing they have strong personal significance.[2] It is "the notion that everything one perceives in the world relates to one's own destiny", usually in a negative and hostile manner.[3]

In psychiatry, delusions of reference form part of the diagnostic criteria for psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia,[4] delusional disorder, and bipolar disorder with mania, as well as for schizotypal personality disorder.[5] To a lesser extent, their presence can be a hallmark of paranoid personality disorder, as well as body dysmorphic disorder. They can be found in autism during periods of intense stress.[6] They can also be caused by intoxication, such as from stimulants like methamphetamine. Psychedelics like psilocybin have also been reported to produce ideas of reference during experiences.[7][8]

  1. ^ Kiran C, Chaudhury S (2009). "Understanding delusions". Ind Psychiatry J. 18 (1): 3–18. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.57851. PMC 3016695. PMID 21234155.
  2. ^ "Ideas of Reference - Encyclopedia of Psychology". 17 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  3. ^ Laurence M. Porter, Women's Vision in Western Literature (2005) p. 117
  4. ^ Andreasen, Nancy C. (1984). "Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms" Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine; The Movement Disorder Society.
  5. ^ Lenzenweger, MF, Bennett, ME, & Lilenfeld, LR (1997). "The Referential Thinking Scale as a measure of schizotypy: Scale development and initial construct validation" (PDF). Psychological Assessment. 9 (4): 452–463. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.452. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-01. Retrieved 2018-08-31.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Schopler, Eric; Mesibov, Gary B.; Kunce, Linda J. (1998-04-30). Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-306-45746-3.
  7. ^ Sabé M, Sulstarova A, Glangetas A, De Pieri M, Mallet L, Curtis L, Richard-Lepouriel H, Penzenstadler L, Seragnoli F, Thorens G, Zullino D, Preller K, Böge K, Leucht S, Correll CU, Solmi M, Kaiser S, Kirschner M (March 2025). "Reconsidering evidence for psychedelic-induced psychosis: an overview of reviews, a systematic review, and meta-analysis of human studies". Mol Psychiatry. 30 (3): 1223–1255. doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02800-5. PMC 11835720. PMID 39592825.
  8. ^ Anderson BT, Danforth A, Daroff PR, Stauffer C, Ekman E, Agin-Liebes G, Trope A, Boden MT, Dilley PJ, Mitchell J, Woolley J (October 2020). "Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot study". EClinicalMedicine. 27: 100538. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538. PMC 7599297. PMID 33150319.
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