Immunological memory

Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen that the body has previously encountered and initiate a corresponding immune response. Generally, they are secondary, tertiary and other subsequent immune responses to the same antigen. The adaptive immune system and antigen-specific receptor generation (TCR, antibodies) are responsible for adaptive immune memory.[1]

After the inflammatory immune response to danger-associated antigen, some of the antigen-specific T cells and B cells persist in the body and become long-living memory T and B cells. After the second encounter with the same antigen, they recognize the antigen and mount a faster and more robust response. Immunological memory is the basis of vaccination.[2][3] Emerging resources show that even the innate immune system can initiate a more efficient immune response and pathogen elimination after the previous stimulation with a pathogen, respectively with PAMPs or DAMPs. Innate immune memory (also called trained immunity) is neither antigen-specific nor dependent on gene rearrangement, but the different response is caused by changes in epigenetic programming and shifts in cellular metabolism. Innate immune memory was observed in invertebrates as well as in vertebrates.[4][5]

Previously acquired immune memory can be depleted ("immune amnesia") by measles in unvaccinated children, leaving them at risk of infection by other pathogens in the years after infection.[6] This weakening of the immune system increases the risk of death from other diseases.[7][8]

  1. ^ Chaplin, David D. (February 2010). "Overview of the immune response". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2): S3 – S23. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.980. PMC 2923430.
  2. ^ Murphy, Kenneth; Weaver, Casey (2017). Janeway's Immunology (9th ed.). New York & London: Garland Science. pp. 473–475. ISBN 9780815345510.
  3. ^ Hammarlund, Erika, et al. (2003). "Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination." Nature medicine 9.9, 1131.
  4. ^ Crișan, Tania O.; Netea, Mihai G.; Joosten, Leo A. B. (April 2016). "Innate immune memory: Implications for host responses to damage-associated molecular patterns". European Journal of Immunology. 46 (4): 817–828. doi:10.1002/eji.201545497. ISSN 0014-2980. PMID 26970440.
  5. ^ Gourbal, Benjamin; Pinaud, Silvain; Beckers, Gerold J. M.; Van Der Meer, Jos W. M.; Conrath, Uwe; Netea, Mihai G. (2018-04-17). "Innate immune memory: An evolutionary perspective". Immunological Reviews. 283 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1111/imr.12647. ISSN 0105-2896. PMID 29664574. S2CID 4891922.
  6. ^ Mina MJ, Kula T, Leng Y, Li M, Vries RD, Knip M, et al. (2019-11-01). "Measles virus infection diminishes preexisting antibodies that offer protection from other pathogens". Science. 366 (6465): 599–606. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..599M. doi:10.1126/science.aay6485. hdl:10138/307628. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8590458. PMID 31672891. S2CID 207815213.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Amnesia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mina 2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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