Inhalable insulin

Inhalable insulin is a powdered form of insulin, delivered with an inhaler into the lungs where it is absorbed.[1] In general, inhaled insulins have been more rapidly absorbed than subcutaneous injected insulin, with faster peak concentration in serum and more rapid metabolism.[2]

Exubera, developed by Inhale Therapeutics (later named Nektar Therapeutics), became the first inhaled insulin product to be marketed, in 2006 by Pfizer,[3] but poor sales led Pfizer to withdraw it in 2007.[4] Afrezza, a monomeric inhaled, ultra rapid-acting insulin developed by Mannkind, was approved by the FDA in 2014 and is the only inhaled insulin commercialized at the moment.[5]

  1. ^ Neumiller, Joshua (June 2010). "Pharmacologist". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1231–9 (44): 7.
  2. ^ McGill JB, Ahn D, Edelman SV, Kilpatrick CR, Santos Cavaiola T (August 2016). "Making Insulin Accessible: Does Inhaled Insulin Fill an Unmet Need?". Advances in Therapy. 33 (8): 1267–78. doi:10.1007/s12325-016-0370-1. PMID 27384191. S2CID 25390720.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference exubra_fda_approval was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference cnn01 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "FDA approves Afrezza to treat diabetes" (News Release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. June 27, 2014. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
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