Lichen sclerosus

Lichen sclerosus
Other namesBalanitis xerotica obliterans, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus,[1] Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus,[2] lichen plan atrophique, lichen plan scléreux, Kartenblattförmige Sklerodermie, Weissflecken Dermatose, lichen albus, lichen planus sclerosus et atrophicus, dermatitis lichenoides chronica atrophicans, kraurosis vulvae[3]
Micrograph of lichen sclerosus showing the characteristic subepithelial sclerosis (right/bottom of image). H&E stain.
SpecialtyGynaecology

Lichen sclerosus (LSc [4]) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, of disputed cause, which can affect any body part of any person, but has a strong predilection for the genitals (penis, vulva); it has historically been called balanitis xerotica obliterans when it affects the penis. LSc is not contagious. There is a well-documented increase of genital cancer risk in LSc, potentially much reduced with early diagnosis and effective, definitive treatment, especially in men.[5][6] LSc in adult age women is held to be incurable, although treatment can lessen its effects, and it often gets progressively worse if not treated properly. Most males with mild or intermediate disease, restricted to the foreskin or the glans penis can be cured by either medical or surgical treatment.[7][8][9]

  1. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 227. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  2. ^ "Lichen sclerosus". Autoimmune Registry Inc. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  3. ^ Meffert, Jeffrey J; Davis, Brian M; Grimwood, Ronald E (March 1995). "Lichen sclerosus". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 32 (3): 393–416. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(95)90060-8. PMID 7868709.
  4. ^ Kravvas, Georgios; Bunker, Christopher (August 2024). "The acronymisation of lichen sclerosus". Skin Health and Disease. 4 (4): e401. doi:10.1002/ski2.401. ISSN 2690-442X. PMC 11297449. PMID 39104644.
  5. ^ Kravvas, G.; Ge, L.; Ng, J.; Shim, T. N.; Doiron, P. R.; Watchorn, R.; Kentley, J.; Panou, E.; Dinneen, M.; Freeman, A.; Jameson, C.; Haider, A.; Francis, N.; Minhas, S.; Alnajjar, H. (March 2022). "The management of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN): clinical and histological features and treatment of 345 patients and a review of the literature". The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 33 (2): 1047–1062. doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1800574. ISSN 1471-1753. PMID 32705920.
  6. ^ Kravvas, G.; Shim, T.N.; Doiron, P.R.; Freeman, A.; Jameson, C.; Minhas, S.; Muneer, A.; Bunker, C.B. (2017-08-16). "The diagnosis and management of male genital lichen sclerosus: a retrospective review of 301 patients". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 32 (1): 91–95. doi:10.1111/jdv.14488. ISSN 0926-9959. PMID 28750140.
  7. ^ European Dermatology Forum Guideline on Lichen Sclerosus (2014)
  8. ^ Kravvas, G.; Shim, T. N.; Doiron, P. R.; Freeman, A.; Jameson, C.; Minhas, S.; Muneer, A.; Bunker, C. B. (January 2018). "The diagnosis and management of male genital lichen sclerosus: a retrospective review of 301 patients". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 32 (1): 91–95. doi:10.1111/jdv.14488. ISSN 1468-3083. PMID 28750140.
  9. ^ Edmonds, E. V. J.; Hunt, S.; Hawkins, D.; Dinneen, M.; Francis, N.; Bunker, C. B. (June 2012). "Clinical parameters in male genital lichen sclerosus: a case series of 329 patients". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 26 (6): 730–737. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04155.x. ISSN 1468-3083. PMID 21707769.
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