Microbial ecology

Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is a discipline where the interaction of microorganisms and their environment are studied.[2] Microorganisms are known to have important and harmful ecological relationships within their species and other species.[2] Many scientists have studied the relationship between nature and microorganisms: Martinus Beijerinck, Sergei Winogradsky, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Lorenz Hiltner, Dionicia Gamboa and many more;[3][4][5][6] to understand the specific roles that these microorganisms have in biological and chemical pathways and how microorganisms have evolved. Currently, there are several types of biotechnologies that have allowed scientists to analyze the biological/chemical properties of these microorganisms also.[7]

Many of these microorganisms have been known to form different symbiotic relationships with other organisms in their environment.[8] Some symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and parasitism.[9][10]

In addition, it has been discovered that certain substances in the environment can kill microorganisms, thus preventing them from interacting with their environment. These substances are called antimicrobial substances. These can be antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral.[11]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference hugenholz2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Gray, N. D.; Head, I. M. (January 1, 2008), Jørgensen, Sven Erik; Fath, Brian D. (eds.), "Microbial Ecology", Encyclopedia of Ecology, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 2357–2368, ISBN 978-0-08-045405-4, retrieved April 1, 2025
  3. ^ Kolter, Roberto (October 8, 2021). "The History of Microbiology—A Personal Interpretation". Annual Review of Microbiology. 75 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-033020-020648. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 33974804.
  4. ^ Hartmann, Anton; Rothballer, Michael; Schmid, Michael (November 1, 2008). "Lorenz Hiltner, a pioneer in rhizosphere microbial ecology and soil bacteriology research". Plant and Soil. 312 (1): 7–14. Bibcode:2008PlSoi.312....7H. doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9514-z. ISSN 1573-5036.
  5. ^ Céline, Valadeau; Adriana, Pabon; Eric, Deharo; Joaquina, Albán–Castillo; Yannick, Estevez; Augusto, Lores Fransis; Rosario, Rojas; Dionicia, Gamboa; Michel, Sauvain; Denis, Castillo; Geneviève, Bourdy (June 25, 2009). "Medicinal plants from the Yanesha (Peru): Evaluation of the leishmanicidal and antimalarial activity of selected extracts". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 123 (3): 413–422. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.041. ISSN 0378-8741.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :04 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Flavier, Albert B.; Balan, Venkatesh; Khan, Abdul Latif. "– Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications". Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications.
  8. ^ Glaeser, Jens; Overmann, Jörg (August 2004). "Biogeography, Evolution, and Diversity of Epibionts in Phototrophic Consortia". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (8): 4821–4830. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.4821G. doi:10.1128/aem.70.8.4821-4830.2004. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 492462. PMID 15294820.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Mathis, Kaitlyn A.; Bronstein, Judith L. (November 2, 2020). "Our Current Understanding of Commensalism". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 51 (1): 167–189. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-040844. ISSN 1543-592X.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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