Mini–mental state examination

Not to be confused with Mental status examination or Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview.
Mini–mental state examination
SynonymsFolstein test
Purposemeasure cognitive impairment

The mini–mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test is a 30-point questionnaire that is used extensively in clinical and research settings to measure cognitive impairment.[1][2] It is commonly used in medicine and allied health to screen for dementia. It is also used to estimate the severity and progression of cognitive impairment and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time; thus making it an effective way to document an individual's response to treatment. The MMSE's purpose has been not, on its own, to provide a diagnosis for any particular nosological entity.[3]

Administration of the test takes between 5 and 10 minutes and examines functions including registration (repeating named prompts), attention and calculation, recall, language, ability to follow simple commands and orientation.[4] It was originally introduced by Folstein et al. in 1975, in order to differentiate organic from functional psychiatric patients[5][6] but is very similar to, or even directly incorporates, tests which were in use previous to its publication.[7][8][9] This test is not a mental status examination. The standard MMSE form which is currently published by Psychological Assessment Resources is based on its original 1975 conceptualization, with minor subsequent modifications by the authors.

Advantages to the MMSE include requiring no specialized equipment or training for administration, and has both validity and reliability for the diagnosis and longitudinal assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Due to its short administration period and ease of use, it is useful for cognitive assessment in the clinician's office space or at the bedside.[10] Disadvantages to the utilization of the MMSE is that it is affected by demographic factors; age and education exert the greatest effect. The most frequently noted disadvantage of the MMSE relates to its lack of sensitivity to mild cognitive impairment and its failure to adequately discriminate patients with mild Alzheimer's disease from normal patients. The MMSE has also received criticism regarding its insensitivity to progressive changes occurring with severe Alzheimer's disease. The content of the MMSE is highly verbal, lacking sufficient items to adequately measure visuospatial and/or constructional praxis. Hence, its utility in detecting impairment caused by focal lesions is uncertain.[11]

Other tests are also used, such as the Hodkinson[12] abbreviated mental test score (1972), Geriatric Mental State Examination (GMS),[13] or the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition, bedside tests such as the 4AT (which also assesses for delirium), and computerised tests such as CoPs[14] and Mental Attributes Profiling System,[15] as well as longer formal tests for deeper analysis of specific deficits.

  1. ^ Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Smailagic N, Roqué-Figuls M, Ciapponi A, Sanchez-Perez E, Giannakou A, Pedraza OL, Bonfill Cosp X, Cullum S (July 2021). "Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 (7): CD010783. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010783.pub3. PMC 8406467. PMID 34313331.
  2. ^ Pangman, VC; Sloan, J; Guse, L. (2000). "An Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Mini-Mental Status Examination and the Standardized Mini-Mental Status Examination: Implications for Clinical Practice". Applied Nursing Research. 13 (4): 209–213. doi:10.1053/apnr.2000.9231. PMID 11078787.
  3. ^ Tombaugh, TN; McIntyre, NJ (1992). "The mini-mental Status Examination: A comprehensive Review". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 40 (9): 922–935. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x. PMID 1512391. S2CID 25169596.
  4. ^ Tuijl, JP; Scholte, EM; de Craen, AJM; van der Mast, RC (2012). "Screening for cognitive impairment in older general hospital patients: comparison of the six-item cognitive test with the Mini-Mental Status Examination". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 27 (7): 755–762. doi:10.1002/gps.2776. PMID 21919059. S2CID 24638804.
  5. ^ Folstein, MF; Folstein, SE; McHugh, PR (1975). ""Mini-mental status". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12 (3): 189–98. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID 1202204. S2CID 25310196.
  6. ^ Tombaugh, Tom N.; McIntyre, Nancy J. (1992). "The Mini Mental Status Examination: A comprehensive review". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 40 (9): 922–935. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x. PMID 1512391. S2CID 25169596.
  7. ^ Eileen Withers; John Hinton (1971). "The Usefulness of the Clinical Tests of the Sensorium". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 119 (548): 9–18. doi:10.1192/bjp.119.548.9. PMID 5556665. S2CID 19654792.
  8. ^ Jurgen Ruesch (1944). "Intellectual Impairment in Head Injuries". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 100 (4): 480–496. doi:10.1176/ajp.100.4.480.
  9. ^ David Wechsler (1945). "A Standardized Memory Scale for Clinical Use". The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. 19 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1080/00223980.1945.9917223.
  10. ^ Harrell, LE; Marson, D; Chatterjee, A; Parrish, JA (2000). "The Severe Mini-Mental Status Examination: A New Neuropsychologic Instrument for the Bedside Assessment of Severely Impaired with Alzheimer's Disease". Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 14 (3): 168–175. doi:10.1097/00002093-200007000-00008. PMID 10994658. S2CID 10506318.
  11. ^ Tomburgh; McIntyre (1992). "The Mini-Mental Status Examination: A comprehensive Review". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 40 (9): 922–935. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x. PMID 1512391. S2CID 25169596.
  12. ^ Hodkinson, HM (1972). "Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly". Age and Ageing. 1 (4): 233–8. doi:10.1093/ageing/1.4.233. PMID 4669880.
  13. ^ McWilliam, Christopher; Copeland, John R. M.; Dewey, Michael E.; Wood, Neil (February 2018). "The Geriatric Mental State (GMS) used in the community: replication studies of the computerized diagnosis AGECAT". Br. J. Psychiatry. 152 (2): 205–208. doi:10.1192/bjp.152.2.205. PMID 3048522. S2CID 19457831.
  14. ^ CoPs
  15. ^ Mental Attributes Profiling System
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.