Necrotizing periodontal diseases

Necrotizing periodontal diseases
Necrotizing periodontal diseases
Other names	NPD
	A fairly mild presentation of necrotizing gingivitis at the typical site on the gums of the anterior mandibular teeth
Specialty	Periodontology
Symptoms	pain, bad breath, fever, bleeding gums, malaise
Complications	Progression
Types	Necrotizing gingivitis, Necrotizing periodontitis, Necrotizing stomatitis
Causes	Bacterial infection by Prevotella intermedia, Treponema, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium spp, Spirochetes and compromised host immune response
Risk factors	HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, psychological stress, sleep deprivation, inadequate oral hygiene, pre-existing gingivitis, history of necrotizing periodontal disease, tobacco and alcohol use, youth, Caucasian ethnicity, orthodontics
Diagnostic method	Based on clinical findings (necrosis, ulcer of interdental papilla; gingival bleeding, pain, pseudomembrane formation, halitosis)
Differential diagnosis	herpetic gingivostomatitis, mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, toothbrush abrasion, clinical attachment loss and alveolar bone loss (in NP, NS)
Prevention	oral hygiene
Treatment	debridement (dental), metronidazole

Necrotizing periodontal diseases is one of the three categories of periodontitis as defined by the American Academy of Periodontology/European Federation of Periodontology 2017 World Workshop classification system.^[1]^[2]

Necrotizing periodontal diseases are a type of inflammatory periodontal (gum) disease caused by bacteria (notably fusobacteria and spirochaete species). The diseases appear to represent different severities or stages of the same disease process, although this is not completely certain. These diseases usually have a sudden onset. The mildest on the spectrum is necrotizing gingivitis (NG), followed by the successively more severe conditions necrotizing periodontitis (NP), necrotizing stomatitis and finally cancrum oris (noma), which is frequently fatal.

^ Herrera, D., Retamal-Valdes, B., Alonso, B., Feres, M. (June 2018). "Acute periodontal lesions (periodontal abscesses and necrotizing periodontal diseases) and endo-periodontal lesions: Dd56II Joint EFP-AAP Workshop". Journal of Periodontology. 89: S85 – S102. doi:10.1002/JPER.16-0642. ISSN 0022-3492. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
^ Caton, J. G., Armitage, G., Berglundh, T., Chapple, I. L. C., Jepsen, S., Kornman, K. S., Mealey, B. L., Papapanou, P. N., Sanz, M., Tonetti, M. S. (June 2018). "A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification". Journal of Periodontology. 89: S1 – S8. doi:10.1002/JPER.18-0157. hdl:2027.42/144587. ISSN 0022-3492. Retrieved 10 July 2023.