Emerging infectious disease

An emerging infectious disease (EID) refer to infectious diseases that have either newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence, geographic range, or severity due to factors such as environmental changes, antimicrobial resistance, and human-animal interactions.[2][3] The minority that are capable of developing efficient transmission between humans can become major public and global concerns as potential causes of epidemics or pandemics.[4] Their many impacts can be economic and societal, as well as clinical.[5] EIDs have been increasing steadily since at least 1940.[6]

For every decade since 1940, there has been a consistent increase in the number of EID events from wildlife-related zoonosis. Human activity is the primary driver of this increase, with loss of biodiversity a leading mechanism.[7]

Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens.[8] EIDs can be caused by newly identified microbes, including novel species or strains of virus[9] (e.g. novel coronaviruses, ebolaviruses, HIV). Some EIDs evolve from a known pathogen, as occurs with new strains of influenza. EIDs may also result from spread of an existing disease to a new population in a different geographic region, as occurs with West Nile fever outbreaks. Some known diseases can also emerge in areas undergoing ecologic transformation (as in the case of Lyme disease[10]). Others can experience a resurgence as a re-emerging infectious disease, like tuberculosis[11] (following drug resistance) or measles.[12] Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are emerging in hospitals, and are extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics.[13] Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics.

Many EID are zoonotic,[4] deriving from pathogens present in animals, with only occasional cross-species transmission into human populations.[14] For instance, most emergent viruses are zoonotic[4] (whereas other novel viruses may have been circulating in the species without being recognized, as occurred with hepatitis C[15]).

  1. ^ Paules CI, Eisinger RW, Marston HD, Fauci AS (December 2017). "What Recent History Has Taught Us About Responding to Emerging Infectious Disease Threats". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (11): 805–811. doi:10.7326/M17-2496. PMID 29132162. S2CID 36800971.
  2. ^ "Emerging Infectious Diseases - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 October 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020.
  3. ^ A brief guide to emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2014. hdl:10665/204722. ISBN 9789290224587.
  4. ^ a b c Woolhouse ME, Gowtage-Sequeria S (December 2005). "Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1842–1847. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050997. PMC 3367654. PMID 16485468.
  5. ^ Morens DM, Fauci AS (2013). "Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health and global stability". PLOS Pathogens. 9 (7): e1003467. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467. PMC 3701702. PMID 23853589.
  6. ^ Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. (February 2008). "Global trends in emerging infectious diseases". Nature. 451 (7181): 990–993. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..990J. doi:10.1038/nature06536. PMC 5960580. PMID 18288193.
  7. ^ Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, Dobson A, Harvell CD, Holt RD, et al. (December 2010). "Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases". Nature. 468 (7324): 647–652. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..647K. doi:10.1038/nature09575. PMC 7094913. PMID 21124449.
  8. ^ Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME (July 2001). "Risk factors for human disease emergence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 356 (1411): 983–989. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0888. PMC 1088493. PMID 11516376.
  9. ^ Fauci AS (December 2005). "Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: the perpetual challenge". Academic Medicine. 80 (12): 1079–1085. doi:10.1097/00001888-200512000-00002. PMID 16306276. S2CID 17293745.
  10. ^ Kilpatrick AM, Dobson AD, Levi T, Salkeld DJ, Swei A, Ginsberg HS, et al. (June 2017). "Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 372 (1722): 20160117. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0117. PMC 5413869. PMID 28438910.
  11. ^ Porta M, Greenland S, Hernán M, dos Santos Silva I, Last JM, eds. (2014). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-997673-7.
  12. ^ Fraser-Bell C (2019). "Global Re-emergence of Measles - 2019 update". Global Biosecurity. 1 (3). doi:10.31646/gbio.43. ISSN 2652-0036.
  13. ^ Witte W, Kresken M, Braulke C, Cuny C (August 1997). "Increasing incidence and widespread dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals in central Europe, with special reference to German hospitals". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 3 (4): 414–422. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00277.x. PMID 11864151.
  14. ^ "The 2019–2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine‑World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper". ResearchGate. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  15. ^ Houghton M (November 2009). "The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus". Journal of Hepatology. 51 (5): 939–948. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004. PMID 19781804.
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