Human parainfluenza viruses

Human parainfluenza viruses
	Transmission electron micrograph of a parainfluenza virus. Two intact particles and free filamentous nucleocapsid
Scientific classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Negarnaviricota
Class:	Monjiviricetes
Order:	Mononegavirales
Family:	Paramyxoviridae
Groups included
	Respirovirus (part) Human respirovirus 1 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 1); Human respirovirus 3 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 3); ; Rubulavirus (part) Human rubulavirus 2 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 2); Human rubulavirus 4 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 4); ;
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
	Aquaparamyxovirus; Avulavirus; Ferlavirus; Henipavirus; Morbillivirus; Respirovirus (part) Bovine respirovirus 3; Murine respirovirus; Porcine respirovirus 1; ; Rubulavirus (part) Achimota rubulavirus 1; Achimota rubulavirus 2; Bat mumps rubulavirus; Mammalian rubulavirus 5; Mapuera rubulavirus; Menangle rubulavirus; Mumps rubulavirus; Porcine rubulavirus; Simian rubulavirus; Sosuga rubulavirus; Teviot rubulavirus; Tioman rubulavirus; Tuhoko rubulavirus 1; Tuhoko rubulavirus 2; Tuhoko rubulavirus 3; ; Pneumoviridae; Rhabdoviridae; Sunviridae; Xinmoviridae;

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease.^[2] Virions are approximately 150–250 nm in size and contain negative sense RNA with a genome encompassing about 15,000 nucleotides.^[3]

The viruses can be detected via cell culture, immunofluorescent microscopy, and PCR.^[4] HPIVs remain the second main cause of hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age for a respiratory illness (only respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes more respiratory hospitalisations for this age group).^[5]

^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
^ Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T (April 1994). "Biology of parainfluenza viruses". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7 (2): 265–275. doi:10.1128/CMR.7.2.265. PMC 358320. PMID 8055470.
^ Henrickson, KJ (April 2003). "Parainfluenza viruses". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 16 (2): 242–264. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003. PMC 153148. PMID 12692097.
^ "Human Parainfluenza Viruses". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ Schmidt, Alexander; Anne Schaap-Nutt; Emmalene J Bartlett; Henrick Schomacker; Jim Boonyaratanakornkit; Ruth A Karron; Peter L Collins (1 February 2011). "Progress in the development of human parainfluenza virus vaccines". Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 5 (4): 515–526. doi:10.1586/ers.11.32. PMC 3503243. PMID 21859271.

[1] "Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.

[2] Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T (April 1994). "Biology of parainfluenza viruses". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7 (2): 265–275. doi:10.1128/CMR.7.2.265. PMC 358320. PMID 8055470.

[Henrickson-3] Henrickson, KJ (April 2003). "Parainfluenza viruses". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 16 (2): 242–264. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003. PMC 153148. PMID 12692097.

[CDC_hPIV-4] "Human Parainfluenza Viruses". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.

[5] Schmidt, Alexander; Anne Schaap-Nutt; Emmalene J Bartlett; Henrick Schomacker; Jim Boonyaratanakornkit; Ruth A Karron; Peter L Collins (1 February 2011). "Progress in the development of human parainfluenza virus vaccines". Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 5 (4): 515–526. doi:10.1586/ers.11.32. PMC 3503243. PMID 21859271.

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