Persistent left superior vena cava

Persistent left superior vena cava
The (right) superior vena cava (on left) and the left brachiocephalic vein (here labeled as left innominate vein). The left superior vena cava is not shown in this image.

In anatomy, a persistent left superior vena cava is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system.[1][2] It is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population,[3][4][5] and is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute.

  1. ^ Pahwa R, Kumar A (May 2003). "Persistent left superior vena cava: an intensivist's experience and review of the literature". South. Med. J. 96 (5): 528–9. doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000060885.27846.91. PMID 12911199. S2CID 37083684.
  2. ^ Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Testa A, Vidan J, et al. (September 2004). "Persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus: report of 10 cases and literature review". Clin Cardiol. 27 (9): 515–8. doi:10.1002/clc.4960270909. PMC 6654321. PMID 15471164.
  3. ^ Freedom RM, Culham JAG, Moes CAF (1984). Angiography of Congenital Heart Disease. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
  4. ^ Crispi, Fatima; Martinez, Josep M. (2018-01-01), Copel, Joshua A.; D'Alton, Mary E.; Feltovich, Helen; Gratacós, Eduard (eds.), "92 - Anomalies of Systemic Venous Return", Obstetric Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care (Second Edition), Elsevier, pp. 411–414.e1, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44548-1.00092-9, ISBN 978-0-323-44548-1, retrieved 2020-11-16
  5. ^ Fligner, Corinne L.; Clark, John I.; Clark, Judy M.; Larson, Lyle W.; Poole, Jeanne E. (2018-01-01), Poole, Jeanne E.; Larson, Lyle W. (eds.), "2 - Surgical Anatomy for the Implanting Physician", Surgical Implantation of Cardiac Rhythm Devices, Elsevier, pp. 13–58, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40126-5.00002-1, ISBN 978-0-323-40126-5, retrieved 2020-11-16
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