Protein toxicity

Protein toxicity is the effect of the buildup of protein metabolic waste compounds, like urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine. Protein toxicity has many causes, including urea cycle disorders, genetic mutations, excessive protein intake, and insufficient kidney function, such as chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury.[1][2][3][4] Symptoms of protein toxicity include unexplained vomiting and loss of appetite. Untreated protein toxicity can lead to serious complications such as seizures, encephalopathy, further kidney damage, and even death.[1][5][6]

  1. ^ a b Gropman AL, Pappa B, Mew NA (August 2016). "The Urea Cycle Disorders". In Johnston M, Adams Jr H, Fatemi A (eds.). Neurobiology of Disease (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0063. ISBN 978-0-19-993783-7 – via Oxford Medicine Online.
  2. ^ Dubin RF, Rhee EP (March 2020). "Proteomics and Metabolomics in Kidney Disease, including Insights into Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 15 (3): 404–411. doi:10.2215/CJN.07420619. PMC 7057308. PMID 31636087.
  3. ^ Kölker S, Häberle J, Walker V (September 2016). "Urea Cycle Disorders". In Hollak CE, Lachmann R (eds.). Inherited Metabolic Disease in Adults: A Clinical Guide. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0017. ISBN 978-0-19-997213-5 – via Oxford Medicine Online.
  4. ^ Chung CG, Lee H, Lee SB (September 2018). "Mechanisms of protein toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 75 (17): 3159–3180. doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2854-4. PMC 6063327. PMID 29947927.
  5. ^ Singbartl K, Kellum JA (May 2012). "AKI in the ICU: definition, epidemiology, risk stratification, and outcomes". Kidney International. 81 (9): 819–825. doi:10.1038/ki.2011.339. PMID 21975865.
  6. ^ Baum N, Dichoso CC, Carlton CE (May 1975). "Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. Physiology and interpretations". Urology. 5 (5): 583–588. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(75)90105-3. PMID 1093306.
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