Race and health in the United States
| Race |
|---|
| History |
|
| Society |
|
| Race and... |
|
| By location |
|
| Related topics |
|
|
Research shows many health disparities among different racial and ethnic groups in the United States.[1][2][3][4][5] Different outcomes in mental and physical health exist between all U.S. Census-recognized racial groups, but these differences stem from different historical and current factors, including genetics, socioeconomic factors, and racism.[5] Research has demonstrated that numerous health care professionals show implicit bias in the way that they treat patients.[6] Certain diseases have a higher prevalence among specific racial groups, and life expectancy also varies across groups.[2][3][4]
Research has consistently shown significant health disparities among racial and ethnic groups in the U.S.; not rooted in genetics but in historical and from ongoing systematic inequities.[7] Structural racism that has been embedded in employment, education, healthcare, and housing has led to unequal health outcomes, such as higher rates of chronic illnesses among Black, and Indigenous populations.[8] An implied bias in healthcare also contributes to inequality in diagnosis, treatment, and overall care.[9] Furthermore, the historical injustices including "medical exploration" during slavery and segregation have sown further mistrust and inequity that persists today.[10] Efforts to reduce these differences include culturally competent care, diverse healthcare work-forces, and systematic policy corrections specifically targeted at addressing these disparities.[11]
- ^ "How to Improve Access to Health Care: Issues & Potential Solutions". healthadministrationdegree.usc.edu. Los Angeles and Sacramento, California: USC Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ a b Murdock, Christopher J.; Laurencin, Lynne; Christensen, Donna M.; Laurencin, Cato T. (June 2018). "HIV/AIDS and the African-American Community 2018: A Decade Call To Action". Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 5 (3). Springer Nature: 449–458. doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0491-0. ISSN 2196-8837. PMC 8224540. PMID 29869005.
- ^ a b Guilamo-Ramos, V; Thimm-Kaiser, M; Benzekri, A; Chacón, G; Rios, E; Scaccabarrozzi, L (January 2020). "The Invisible US Hispanic/Latino HIV Crisis: Addressing Gaps in the National Response". American Journal of Public Health. 110 (1). American Public Health Association: 27–31. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305309. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 6893335. PMID 31725313.
- ^ a b Lee, S.; Martinez, G.; Ma, G.; Hsu, C. E.; Robinson, E. S.; Bawa, J.; Juon, H.-S. (January–February 2010). Glover, Elbert D. (ed.). "Barriers to Health Care Access in 13 Asian American Communities". American Journal of Health Behavior. 34 (1). PNG Publications and Scientific Research Limited: 21–30. doi:10.5993/AJHB.34.1.3. ISSN 1945-7359. PMC 6628721. PMID 19663748. S2CID 31669071.
- ^ a b Armstrong, Katrina; Putt, Mary; Halbert, Chanita H.; Grande, David; Schwartz, Jerome Sanford; Liao, Kaijun; Marcus, Noora; Demeter, Mirar B.; Shea, Judy A. (February 2013). "Prior Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Racial Differences in Health Care System Distrust". Medical Care. 51 (2). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on behalf of the American Public Health Association: 144–150. doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31827310a1. ISSN 0025-7079. PMC 3552105. PMID 23222499. S2CID 46125799.
- ^ FitzGerald C, Hurst S (March 2017). "Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review". BMC Medical Ethics. 18 (1) 19. doi:10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8. PMC 5333436. PMID 28249596.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering; Division, Health and Medicine; Practice, Board on Population Health and Public Health; States, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United; Baciu, Alina; Negussie, Yamrot; Geller, Amy; Weinstein, James N. (2017-01-11), "The State of Health Disparities in the United States", Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity, National Academies Press (US), retrieved 2025-04-06
- ^ Bailey, Zinzi D.; Krieger, Nancy; Agénor, Madina; Graves, Jasmine; Linos, Natalia; Bassett, Mary T. (2017-04-08). "Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions". The Lancet. 389 (10077): 1453–1463. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 28402827.
- ^ Williams, D. R.; Rucker, T. D. (2000). "Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care". Health Care Financing Review. 21 (4): 75–90. ISSN 0195-8631. PMC 4194634. PMID 11481746.
- ^ Byrd, W. M.; Clayton, L. A. (March 2001). "Race, medicine, and health care in the United States: a historical survey". Journal of the National Medical Association. 93 (3 Suppl): 11S – 34S. ISSN 0027-9684. PMC 2593958. PMID 12653395.
- ^ Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa J.; Besser, Richard E.; Williams, David R. (2021-05-05). "Understanding and Mitigating Health Inequities — Past, Current, and Future Directions". New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (18): 1681–1684. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2008628. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 33951376.