Sex and gender differences in autism
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Sex and gender differences in autism exist regarding prevalence, presentation, and diagnosis.
Men and boys are more frequently diagnosed with autism than women and girls. It is debated whether this is due to a sex difference in rates of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or whether females are underdiagnosed.[1][2] The prevalence ratio is often cited as about four males for every one female diagnosed.[3] Other research indicates that it is closer to 3:1 or 2:1.[2][4] One in every 42 males and one in 189 females in the United States is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.[5] There is some evidence that females may also receive diagnoses somewhat later than males; however, thus far results have been contradictory.[6]
- ^ Halladay, Alycia K; Bishop, Somer; Constantino, John N; Daniels, Amy M; Koenig, Katheen; Palmer, Kate; Messinger, Daniel; Pelphrey, Kevin; Sanders, Stephan J; Singer, Alison Tepper; Taylor, Julie Lounds; Szatmari, Peter (December 2015). "Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority". Molecular Autism. 6 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0019-y. PMC 4465158. PMID 26075049.
- ^ a b Loomes, Rachel; Hull, Laura; Mandy, William Polmear Locke (June 2017). "What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 56 (6): 466–474. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013. PMID 28545751. S2CID 20420861.
- ^ Fombonne, Eric (June 2009). "Epidemiology of Pervasive Developmental Disorders". Pediatric Research. 65 (6): 591–598. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7203. PMID 19218885. S2CID 20373463.
- ^ Hull, Laura; Petrides, K. V.; Mandy, William (December 2020). "The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review". Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 7 (4): 306–317. doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9. S2CID 214314845.
- ^ "Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 September 2020.
- ^ Begeer, Sander; Mandell, David; Wijnker-Holmes, Bernadette; Venderbosch, Stance; Rem, Dorien; Stekelenburg, Fred; Koot, Hans M. (May 2013). "Sex Differences in the Timing of Identification Among Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 43 (5): 1151–1156. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1656-z. PMID 23001766. S2CID 2705562.