Sirtuin
| Sir2 family | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crystallographic structure of yeast sir2 (rainbow colored cartoon, N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red) complexed with ADP (space-filling model, carbon = white, oxygen = red, nitrogen = blue, phosphorus = orange) and a histone H4 peptide (magenta) containing an acylated lysine residue (displayed as spheres)[1] | |||||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbol | SIR2 | ||||||||||
| Pfam | PF02146 | ||||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0085 | ||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR003000 | ||||||||||
| PROSITE | PS50305 | ||||||||||
| SCOP2 | 1j8f / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Sirtuins are a family of signaling proteins involved in metabolic regulation.[2][3] They are ancient in animal evolution and appear to possess a highly conserved structure throughout all kingdoms of life.[2] Chemically, sirtuins are a class of proteins that possess either mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase or deacylase activity, including deacetylase, desuccinylase, demalonylase, demyristoylase and depalmitoylase activity.[4][5][6] The name Sir2 comes from the yeast gene 'silent mating-type information regulation 2',[7] the gene responsible for cellular regulation in yeast.
Yeast Sir2 and some, but not all, sirtuins are protein deacetylases. Unlike other known protein deacetylases, which simply hydrolyze acetyl-lysine residues, the sirtuin-mediated deacetylation reaction couples lysine deacetylation to NAD+ hydrolysis.[8] This hydrolysis yields O-acetyl-ADP-ribose, the deacetylated substrate and nicotinamide, which is an inhibitor of sirtuin activity itself.
Sirtuins that deacetylate histones are structurally and mechanistically distinct from other classes of histone deacetylases (classes I, IIA, IIB and IV), which have a different protein fold and use Zn2+ as a cofactor.[9][10]
- ^ PDB: 1szd; Zhao K, Harshaw R, Chai X, Marmorstein R (June 2004). "Structural basis for nicotinamide cleavage and ADP-ribose transfer by NAD(+)-dependent Sir2 histone/protein deacetylases". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (23): 8563–8. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.8563Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401057101. PMC 423234. PMID 15150415.
- ^ a b Ye X, Li M, Hou T, Gao T, Zhu WG, Yang Y (3 January 2017). "Sirtuins in glucose and lipid metabolism". Oncotarget (Review). 8 (1): 1845–1859. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12157. PMC 5352102. PMID 27659520.
- ^ Yamamoto H, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J (August 2007). "Sirtuin functions in health and disease". Molecular Endocrinology. 21 (8): 1745–55. doi:10.1210/me.2007-0079. PMID 17456799.
- ^ Du J, Zhou Y, Su X, Yu JJ, Khan S, Jiang H, Kim J, Woo J, Kim JH, Choi BH, He B, Chen W, Zhang S, Cerione RA, Auwerx J, Hao Q, Lin H (November 2011). "Sirt5 is a NAD-dependent protein lysine demalonylase and desuccinylase". Science. 334 (6057): 806–9. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..806D. doi:10.1126/science.1207861. PMC 3217313. PMID 22076378.
- ^ Jiang H, Khan S, Wang Y, Charron G, He B, Sebastian C, Du J, Kim R, Ge E, Mostoslavsky R, Hang HC, Hao Q, Lin H (April 2013). "SIRT6 regulates TNF-α secretion through hydrolysis of long-chain fatty acyl lysine". Nature. 496 (7443): 110–3. Bibcode:2013Natur.496..110J. doi:10.1038/nature12038. PMC 3635073. PMID 23552949.
- ^ Rack JG, Morra R, Barkauskaite E, Kraehenbuehl R, Ariza A, Qu Y, Ortmayer M, Leidecker O, Cameron DR, Matic I, Peleg AY, Leys D, Traven A, Ahel I (July 2015). "Identification of a Class of Protein ADP-Ribosylating Sirtuins in Microbial Pathogens". Molecular Cell. 59 (2): 309–20. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.013. PMC 4518038. PMID 26166706.
- ^ EntrezGene 23410
- ^ Klein MA, Denu JM (2020). "Biological and catalytic functions of sirtuin 6 as targets for small-molecule modulators". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 295 (32): 11021–11041. doi:10.1074/jbc.REV120.011438. PMC 7415977. PMID 32518153.
- ^ Bürger M, Chory J (2018). "Structural and chemical biology of deacetylases for carbohydrates, proteins, small molecules and histones". Communications Biology. 1 217. doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0214-4. PMC 6281622. PMID 30534609.
- ^ Marks PA, Xu WS (July 2009). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors: Potential in cancer therapy". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 107 (4): 600–8. doi:10.1002/jcb.22185. PMC 2766855. PMID 19459166.