SIDS

Sudden infant death syndrome
Other names
  • Cot death
  • crib death
The Safe to Sleep campaign encourages having infants sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of SIDS.
Specialty
Usual onsetOne to four months in age[1]
CausesUnknown
Risk factors
Diagnostic method
Differential diagnosis
Prevention
Frequency1 in 1,000–10,000

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sometimes known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age. Diagnosis requires that the death remain unexplained even after a thorough autopsy and detailed death scene investigation.[2] SIDS usually occurs between the hours of midnight and 9:00 a.m.,[3] or when the baby is sleeping.[4] There is usually no noise or evidence of struggle.[5] SIDS remains one of the leading cause of infant mortality in Western countries, constituting almost 1/3 of all post-neonatal deaths.[6]

The exact cause of SIDS is unknown.[7] The requirement of a combination of factors including a specific underlying susceptibility, a specific time in development, and an environmental stressor has been proposed.[4][7] These environmental stressors may include sleeping on the stomach or side, overheating, and exposure to tobacco smoke.[7] Accidental suffocation from bed sharing (also known as co-sleeping) or soft objects may also play a role.[4][8] Another risk factor is being born before 37 weeks of gestation.[1] Between 1% and 5% of SIDS cases are estimated to be misidentified infanticides caused by intentional suffocation.[9][10] SIDS makes up about 80% of sudden and unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs).[4] The other 20% of cases are often caused by infections, genetic disorders, and heart problems.[4]

The most effective method of reducing the risk of SIDS is putting a child less than one-year-old on their back to sleep.[1] Other measures include a firm mattress separate from but close to caregivers, no loose bedding, a relatively cool sleeping environment, using a pacifier, and avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke.[11] Breastfeeding and immunization may also be preventative.[11][12] Measures not shown to be useful include positioning devices and baby monitors.[11][12] Evidence is not sufficient for the use of fans.[11] Grief support for families affected by SIDS is important, as the death of the infant is unexpected, unexplained, and can cause suspicion that the infant may have been intentionally harmed.[4]

Rates of SIDS vary nearly tenfold in developed countries from one in a thousand to one in ten thousand.[4][13] Globally, it resulted in about 19,200 deaths in 2015, down from 22,000 deaths in 1990.[14] SIDS was the third leading cause of death in children less than one year old in the United States in 2011.[15] It is the most common cause of death between one month and one year of age.[1] About 90% of cases happen before six months of age, with it being most frequent between two months and four months of age.[4][1] It is more common in boys than girls.[1] Rates of SIDS have decreased by up to 80% in areas with "Safe to Sleep" campaigns.[13]

  1. ^ a b c d e f "How many infants die from SIDS or are at risk for SIDS?". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  2. ^ "Sudden Infant Death". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  3. ^ Gilbert-Barness E, Spicer DE, Steffensen TS (2013). "Sudden Death Syndrome". Handbook of pediatric autopsy pathology (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. p. 654. ISBN 9781461467113. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Kinney HC, Thach BT (August 2009). "The sudden infant death syndrome". The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (8): 795–805. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0803836. PMC 3268262. PMID 19692691.
  5. ^ Sethuraman C, Coombs R, Cohen MC (2014). "Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy". In Cohen MC, Scheimberg I (eds.). Pediatric & Perinatal Autopsy Manual. Cambridge. p. 319. ISBN 9781107646070.
  6. ^ Raven L (2018). "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: History". In Duncan JR, Byard RW (eds.). SIDS Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death: The Past, the Present and the Future. Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press. ISBN 978-1-925261-67-7. PMID 30035955. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  7. ^ a b c "What causes SIDS?". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  8. ^ "Ways To Reduce the Risk of SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Causes of Infant Death". NICHD. 20 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  9. ^ Hymel KP (July 2006). "Distinguishing sudden infant death syndrome from child abuse fatalities". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 421–427. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1245. ISSN 1098-4275. PMID 16818592.
  10. ^ Milroy CM, Kepron C (June 2017). "Ten Percent of SIDS Cases are Murder - or are They?". Academic Forensic Pathology. 7 (2): 163–170. doi:10.23907/2017.018. PMC 6474533. PMID 31239971.
  11. ^ a b c d Moon RY, Fu L (July 2012). "Sudden infant death syndrome: an update". Pediatrics in Review. 33 (7): 314–320. doi:10.1542/pir.33-7-314. PMID 22753789.
  12. ^ a b "How can I reduce the risk of SIDS?". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  13. ^ a b Duncan JR, Byard RW (2018). "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: An Overview". In Duncan JR, Byard RW (eds.). SIDS Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death: The Past, the Present and the Future. University of Adelaide Press. ISBN 9781925261677. PMID 30035964. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  14. ^ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  15. ^ Hoyert DL, Xu J (October 2012). "Deaths: preliminary data for 2011" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 61 (6): 1–51. PMID 24984457. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2014.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.