Thiamine
Skeletal formula and ball-and-stick model of the thiamine cation | |
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| Pronunciation | /ˈθaɪ.əmɪn/ ⓘ THY-ə-min |
| Other names | Vitamin B1, aneurine, thiamin |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth, intravenous, intramuscular[1] |
| Drug class | Vitamin |
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| Bioavailability | 3.7% to 5.3% (Thiamine hydrochloride)[2] |
| Elimination half-life | 1–12 h |
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| Formula | C12H17N4OS+ |
| Molar mass | 265.36 g·mol−1 |
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Thiamine, also known as thiamin and vitamin B1, is a vitamin – an essential micronutrient for humans and animals.[1][3][4] It is found in food and commercially synthesized to be a dietary supplement or medication.[1] Phosphorylated forms of thiamine are required for some metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of glucose and amino acids.[1][3][5]
Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish.[1] Grain processing removes much of the vitamin content, so in many countries cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine.[1][5] Supplements and medications are available to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and the disorders that result from it such as beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy.[1][3][5] They are also used to treat maple syrup urine disease and Leigh syndrome.[6] Supplements and medications are typically taken by mouth, but may also be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection.[6]
Thiamine supplements are generally well tolerated. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur when repeated doses are given by injection.[4][6][7] Thiamine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] It is available as a generic medication, and in some countries as a non-prescription dietary supplement.[1][6] In 2022, it was the 288th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 500,000 prescriptions.[9][10]
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Thiamin: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
- ^ Smithline HA, Donnino M, Greenblatt DJ (February 2012). "Pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral thiamine hydrochloride in healthy subjects". BMC Clinical Pharmacology. 12 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1472-6904-12-4. PMC 3293077. PMID 22305197.
- ^ a b c "Thiamin". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2025. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
- ^ a b "Thiamine". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
- ^ a b c Whitfield KC, Bourassa MW, Adamolekun B, Bergeron G, Bettendorff L, Brown KH, et al. (October 2018). "Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1430 (1): 3–43. Bibcode:2018NYASA1430....3W. doi:10.1111/nyas.13919. PMC 6392124. PMID 30151974.
- ^ a b c d American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (12 January 2025). "Thiamine Hydrochloride". Drugs.com. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
- ^ Kliegman RM, Stanton B (2016). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 322. ISBN 9781455775668.
There are no cases of adverse effects of excess thiamine... A few isolated cases of puritis...
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ "Thiamine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.