Toxaphene
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Other names
Chlorocamphene, Octachlorocamphene, Polychlorocamphene, Chlorinated camphene, Camphechlor
| |
| Identifiers | |
CAS Number
|
|
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.029.348 |
| EC Number |
|
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
|
|
| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|
InChI
| |
SMILES
| |
| Properties | |
Chemical formula
|
C10H10Cl8 |
| Molar mass | 413.79 g·mol−1 |
| Density | 1.65 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 65 to 90 °C (149 to 194 °F; 338 to 363 K) |
| Boiling point | decomposition at 155 °C (311 °F; 428 K) |
Solubility in water
|
0.0003% (20°C)[1] |
| Vapor pressure | 0.4 mmHg (25°C)[1] |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
Pictograms
|
|
Signal word
|
Danger |
Hazard statements
|
H301, H312, H315, H335, H351, H410 |
Precautionary statements
|
P261, P273, P280, P301+P310, P501 |
| Flash point | noncombustible[1] |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
|
75 mg/kg (oral, rabbit) 112 mg/kg (oral, mouse) 250 mg/kg (oral, guinea pig) 50 mg/kg (oral, rat)[2] |
LCLo (lowest published)
|
2000 mg/m3 (mouse, 2 hr)[2] |
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
|
TWA 0.5 mg/m3 [skin][1] |
REL (Recommended)
|
Ca [skin][1] |
IDLH (Immediate danger)
|
200 mg/m3[1] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
| |
Toxaphene was an insecticide used primarily for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and the 1970s.[3][4] Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene.[3][5] It can be most commonly found as a yellow to amber waxy solid.[3]
Toxaphene was banned in the United States in 1990 and was banned globally by the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.[3][6] It is a very persistent chemical that can remain in the environment for 1–14 years without degrading, particularly in the soil.[7]
Testing performed on animals, mostly rats and mice, has demonstrated that toxaphene is harmful to animals. Exposure to toxaphene has proven to stimulate the central nervous system, as well as induce morphological changes in the thyroid, liver, and kidneys.[8]
Toxaphene has been shown to cause adverse health effects in humans. The main sources of exposure are through food, drinking water, breathing contaminated air, and direct contact with contaminated soil. Exposure to high levels of toxaphene can cause damage to the lungs, nervous system, liver, kidneys, and in extreme cases, may even cause death. It is thought to be a potential carcinogen in humans, though this has not yet been proven.[3]
- ^ a b c d e f NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0113". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b "Chlorinated camphene". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Toxaphene - ToxFAQs". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "Toxaphene" (PDF). Report on Carcinogens. 13. National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services. October 2, 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Salehwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Wen-Tien, Tsai (October 12, 2010). "Current Status and Regulatory Aspects of Pesticides Considered to be Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Taiwan". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7 (10): 3615–3627. doi:10.3390/ijerph7103615. PMC 2996183. PMID 21139852.
- ^ "Technical Factsheet on: TOXAPHENE" (PDF). National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ "Toxaphene". Technology Transfer Network - Air Toxics Web Site. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.