Trench foot

Trench foot, also known by other names, is a type of foot damage due to moisture.^[1] Initial symptoms often include tingling or itching which can progress to numbness.^[1][2] The feet may become red or bluish in color.^[1] As the condition worsens the feet can start to swell and smell of decay.^[1] Complications may include skin breakdown or infection.^[1]

Trench foot occurs through prolonged exposure of the feet to cold, damp, and often unsanitary conditions.^[1] Unlike frostbite, trench foot usually occurs at temperatures above freezing,^[1] and can be classed as a form of non-freezing cold injury.^[3] Onset can be as rapid as 10 hours.^[1] Risk factors include overly tight boots and not moving.^[4] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve constriction of blood vessels resulting in insufficient blood flow to the feet.^[1] Diagnosis is based on symptoms and examination.^[1]

Prevention involves keeping the feet warm, dry, and clean.^[1] After the condition has occurred, pain medications may be required during the gradual rewarming process.^[1] Pain may persist for months following treatment.^[4] Surgery to remove damaged tissue or amputation may be necessary.^[1]

Those in the military are most commonly affected, though cases may also occur in the homeless.^[1] The condition was first described during Napoleon Bonaparte's retreat from Russia in the winter of 1812.^[1]