1977 Russian flu
| Influenza (flu) |
|---|
The 1977 Russian flu was an influenza pandemic that was first reported by the Soviet Union in 1977 and lasted until 1979.[1][2] The outbreak in northern China started in May 1977, slightly earlier than that in the Soviet Union.[3][4] The pandemic mostly affected a population younger than 25 or 26 years of age,[1][5][6] and was described as mild.[6] It was caused by an H1N1 flu strain which highly resembled a virus strain circulating worldwide from 1946 to 1957.[1][2][5][6] Genetic analysis and several unusual characteristics of the 1977 Russian flu have prompted many researchers to say that the virus was released to the public through a laboratory accident,[4][5][7][8][9][10] or resulted from a live-vaccine trial escape.[5][11]
The Russian flu first reached the United Kingdom in 1977, and the United States in January 1978. The first outbreak in the United States took place in Cheyenne, Wyoming, but more than 70% of those infected were students. The flu spread in schools and military bases throughout the United States, but most of those infected were below the age of 26. In the United States, the death rate in affected individuals was low.
- ^ a b c Influenza pandemic preparedness plan : the role of WHO and guidelines for national and regional planning, Geneva, Switzerland, April 1999 (Report). World Health Organization. April 1999. pp. 38, 41. hdl:10665/66155.
- ^ a b Mermel LA (June 2009). "Swine-origin influenza virus in young age groups". Lancet. 373 (9681): 2108–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61145-4. PMID 19541030.
- ^ Kung HC, Jen KF, Yuan WC, Tien SF, Chu CM (1978). "Influenza in China in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 56 (6): 913–8. PMC 2395678. PMID 310732.
- ^ a b Wertheim JO (June 2010). "The re-emergence of H1N1 influenza virus in 1977: a cautionary tale for estimating divergence times using biologically unrealistic sampling dates". PLOS ONE. 5 (6): e11184. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511184W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011184. PMC 2887442. PMID 20567599.
- ^ a b c d Rozo M, Gronvall GK (August 2015). "The Reemergent 1977 H1N1 Strain and the Gain-of-Function Debate". mBio. 6 (4). doi:10.1128/mBio.01013-15. PMC 4542197. PMID 26286690.
- ^ a b c Gregg MB, Hinman AR, Craven RB (November 1978). "The Russian flu. Its history and implications for this year's influenza season". JAMA. 240 (21): 2260–3. doi:10.1001/jama.240.21.2260. PMID 702749.
- ^ Furmanski M (September 2015). "The 1977 H1N1 Influenza Virus Reemergence Demonstrated Gain-of-Function Hazards". mBio. 6 (5): e01434-15. doi:10.1128/mBio.01434-15. PMC 4611044. PMID 26419881.
- ^ Zimmer SM, Burke DS (July 2009). "Historical perspective--Emergence of influenza A (H1N1) viruses". The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (3): 279–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0904322. PMID 19564632.
- ^ Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y (August 2005). "Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 3 (8): 591–600. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1208. PMID 16064053. S2CID 30154845.
- ^ Nolan, Tom (2009-07-02). "Was H1N1 leaked from a laboratory?". The BMJ. Archived from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:24was invoked but never defined (see the help page).