Apolipoprotein E

APOE
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1B68, 1BZ4, 1EA8, 1GS9, 1H7I, 1LE2, 1LE4, 1LPE, 1NFN, 1NFO, 1OEF, 1OEG, 1OR2, 1OR3, 2KC3, 2KNY, 2L7B
Identifiers
Aliases	APOE, AD2, APO-E, LDLCQ5, LPG, apolipoprotein E, ApoE4
External IDs	OMIM: 107741; MGI: 88057; HomoloGene: 30951; GeneCards: APOE; OMA:APOE - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (human)
End	44,909,393 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 7 (mouse)
End	19,433,113 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	right adrenal cortex; ; left adrenal gland; ; left adrenal cortex; ; right lobe of liver; ; nucleus accumbens; ; amygdala; ; hypothalamus; ; caudate nucleus; ; C1 segment; ; putamen;
	Top expressed in
	entorhinal cortex; ; stroma of bone marrow; ; choroid plexus of fourth ventricle; ; perirhinal cortex; ; CA3 field; ; left lobe of liver; ; dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell; ; yolk sac; ; gallbladder; ; superior frontal gyrus;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	heparin binding; very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding; low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding; lipoprotein particle binding; phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activator activity; phospholipid binding; cholesterol transfer activity; protein homodimerization activity; amyloid-beta binding; protein binding; tau protein binding; metal chelating activity; lipid transporter activity; cholesterol binding; antioxidant activity; identical protein binding; lipid binding;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; membrane; chylomicron; extracellular region; nucleus; extracellular vesicle; endocytic vesicle lumen; very-low-density lipoprotein particle; extracellular fluid; endoplasmic reticulum; extracellular exosome; Golgi apparatus; blood microparticle; extracellular matrix; plasma membrane; soma; early endosome; low-density lipoprotein particle; dendrite; high-density lipoprotein particle; intermediate-density lipoprotein particle;
Biological process	negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process; response to dietary excess; negative regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier; lipid transport; positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process; regulation of axon extension; positive regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization; positive regulation of cholesterol esterification; phospholipid efflux; cholesterol catabolic process; positive regulation of dendritic spine development; receptor-mediated endocytosis; retinoid metabolic process; positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation; lipid homeostasis; lipoprotein biosynthetic process; cholesterol homeostasis; negative regulation of inflammatory response; triglyceride metabolic process; negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway; negative regulation of dendritic spine maintenance; negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration; NMDA glutamate receptor clustering; response to reactive oxygen species; negative regulation of blood coagulation; response to oxidative stress; positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity; negative regulation of phospholipid efflux; positive regulation of cholesterol efflux; negative regulation of MAP kinase activity; artery morphogenesis; very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling; regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity; negative regulation of dendritic spine development; negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process; positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance; positive regulation of phospholipid efflux; negative regulation of presynaptic membrane organization; negative regulation of neuron death; high-density lipoprotein particle clearance; long-chain fatty acid transport; lipoprotein metabolic process; regulation of tau-protein kinase activity; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; chylomicron remnant clearance; cellular calcium ion homeostasis; cholesterol metabolic process; very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance; virion assembly; negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process; cGMP-mediated signaling; triglyceride catabolic process; positive regulation of presynaptic membrane organization; positive regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly; AMPA glutamate receptor clustering; positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process; positive regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier; fatty acid homeostasis; nitric oxide mediated signal transduction; transport; cholesterol efflux; regulation of gene expression; negative regulation of cholesterol efflux; regulation of amyloid-beta clearance; neuron projection regeneration; negative regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization; steroid metabolic process; regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction; lipid metabolism; negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation; positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis; vasodilation; intracellular transport; synaptic transmission, cholinergic; positive regulation of neuron death; high-density lipoprotein particle assembly; protein import; high-density lipoprotein particle remodeling; negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; maintenance of location in cell; negative regulation of platelet activation; low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling; positive regulation by host of viral process; cytoskeleton organization; regulation of neuron death; reverse cholesterol transport; lipoprotein catabolic process; triglyceride homeostasis; cellular oxidant detoxification; lipid transport involved in lipid storage;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	348
	11816
	ENSG00000130203
	ENSMUSG00000002985
	P02649
	P08226
	NM_001302691; NM_000041; NM_001302688; NM_001302689; NM_001302690
	NM_009696; NM_001305819; NM_001305843; NM_001305844
	NP_000032; NP_001289617; NP_001289618; NP_001289619; NP_001289620
	NP_001292748; NP_001292772; NP_001292773; NP_033826
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) is a protein involved in the metabolism of fats in the body of mammals. A subtype is implicated in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases.^[5] It is encoded in humans by the gene APOE.

Apo-E belongs to a family of fat-binding proteins called apolipoproteins. In the circulation, it is present as part of several classes of lipoprotein particles, including chylomicron remnants, VLDL, IDL, and some HDL.^[6] Apo-E interacts significantly with the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which is essential for the normal processing (catabolism) of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.^[7] In peripheral tissues, Apo-E is primarily produced by the liver and macrophages, and mediates cholesterol metabolism. In the central nervous system, Apo-E is mainly produced by astrocytes and transports cholesterol to neurons^[8] via Apo-E receptors, which are members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family.^[9] Apo-E is the principal cholesterol carrier in the brain.^[10] Apo-E qualifies as a checkpoint inhibitor of the classical complement pathway by complex formation with activated C1q.^[11]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130203 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000002985 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Stolerman IP, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology (Online ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3540686989.
^ Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y (April 2009). "Apolipoprotein E: structure determines function, from atherosclerosis to Alzheimer's disease to AIDS". Journal of Lipid Research. 50 (Suppl): S183 – S188. doi:10.1194/jlr.R800069-JLR200. PMC 2674716. PMID 19106071.
^ "Entrez Gene: APOE apolipoprotein E".
^ Wang H, Kulas JA, Wang C, Holtzman DM, Ferris HA, Hansen SB (August 2021). "Regulation of beta-amyloid production in neurons by astrocyte-derived cholesterol". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (33): 2020.06.18.159632. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11802191W. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.06.18.159632. doi:10.1073/pnas.2102191118. PMC 8379952. PMID 34385305. S2CID 220044671.
^ Cite error: The named reference Liu2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM (April 2003). "Alzheimer's disease: the cholesterol connection". Nature Neuroscience. 6 (4): 345–351. doi:10.1038/nn0403-345. PMID 12658281. S2CID 5407666.
^ Yin C, Ackermann S, Ma Z, Mohanta SK, Zhang C, Li Y, et al. (March 2019). "ApoE attenuates unresolvable inflammation by complex formation with activated C1q". Nature Medicine. 25 (3): 496–506. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0336-8. PMC 6420126. PMID 30692699.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130203 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000002985 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[encyclopedia-5] Stolerman IP, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology (Online ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3540686989.

[6] Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y (April 2009). "Apolipoprotein E: structure determines function, from atherosclerosis to Alzheimer's disease to AIDS". Journal of Lipid Research. 50 (Suppl): S183 – S188. doi:10.1194/jlr.R800069-JLR200. PMC 2674716. PMID 19106071.

[entrez-7] "Entrez Gene: APOE apolipoprotein E".

[Wang_2020.06.18.159632-8] Wang H, Kulas JA, Wang C, Holtzman DM, Ferris HA, Hansen SB (August 2021). "Regulation of beta-amyloid production in neurons by astrocyte-derived cholesterol". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (33): 2020.06.18.159632. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11802191W. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.06.18.159632. doi:10.1073/pnas.2102191118. PMC 8379952. PMID 34385305. S2CID 220044671.

[Liu2013-9] Cite error: The named reference Liu2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[10] Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM (April 2003). "Alzheimer's disease: the cholesterol connection". Nature Neuroscience. 6 (4): 345–351. doi:10.1038/nn0403-345. PMID 12658281. S2CID 5407666.

[11] Yin C, Ackermann S, Ma Z, Mohanta SK, Zhang C, Li Y, et al. (March 2019). "ApoE attenuates unresolvable inflammation by complex formation with activated C1q". Nature Medicine. 25 (3): 496–506. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0336-8. PMC 6420126. PMID 30692699.

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