Apolipoprotein H

APOH
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1C1Z, 1G4F, 1G4G, 1QUB, 2KRI, 3OP8, 4JHS
Identifiers
Aliases	APOH, B2G1, B2GP1, BG, apolipoprotein H
External IDs	OMIM: 138700; MGI: 88058; HomoloGene: 26; GeneCards: APOH; OMA:APOH - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 17 (human)
End	66,256,525 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 11 (mouse)
End	108,305,222 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	liver; ; right lobe of liver; ; kidney tubule; ; testicle; ; islet of Langerhans; ; gonad; ; glomerulus; ; metanephric glomerulus; ; pancreatic epithelial cell; ; body of pancreas;
	Top expressed in
	left lobe of liver; ; gallbladder; ; fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell; ; spermatid; ; human fetus; ; seminiferous tubule; ; sexually immature organism; ; proximal tubule; ; spermatocyte; ; right kidney;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	heparin binding; lipoprotein lipase activator activity; protein binding; identical protein binding; phospholipid binding; lipid binding;
Cellular component	extracellular matrix; chylomicron; very-low-density lipoprotein particle; high-density lipoprotein particle; extracellular exosome; platelet dense granule lumen; extracellular space; cell surface; extracellular region; collagen-containing extracellular matrix;
Biological process	blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway; negative regulation of fibrinolysis; negative regulation of blood coagulation; positive regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity; negative regulation of endothelial cell migration; negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; positive regulation of blood coagulation; negative regulation of angiogenesis; triglyceride transport; plasminogen activation; regulation of blood coagulation; negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process; regulation of fibrinolysis; triglyceride metabolic process; negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process; platelet degranulation;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	350
	11818
	ENSG00000091583
	ENSMUSG00000000049
	P02749
	Q01339
	NM_000042
	NM_013475
	NP_000033
	NP_038503
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

β₂-glycoprotein 1, also known as beta-2 glycoprotein 1 and Apolipoprotein H (Apo-H), is a 38 kDa multifunctional plasma protein that in humans is encoded by the APOH gene.^[5] One of its functions is to bind cardiolipin. When bound, the structure of cardiolipin and β₂-GP1 both undergo large changes in structure.^[6] Within the structure of Apo-H is a stretch of positively charged amino acids (protein sequence positions 282-287), Lys-Asn-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys, are involved in phospholipid binding (see image on right).^[7]

β₂-GP1 has a complex involvement in agglutination. It appears to alter adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-mediated agglutination of platelets.^[8] Normally, β₂-GP1 assumes an anticoagulation activity in serum (by inhibiting coagulation factors); however, changes in blood factors can result in a reversal of that activity.

Although previously referred to as apolipoprotein H, it is not present in appreciable quantities in the lipoprotein fractions, so ApoH is therefore thought to be a misnomer.^[9]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000091583 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000049 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "APOH - Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - APOH gene & protein". UniProt. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ Borchman D, Harris EN, Pierangeli SS, Lamba OP (1995). "Interactions and molecular structure of cardiolipin and beta 2-glycoprotein 1 (beta 2-GP1)". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 102 (2): 373–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03792.x. PMC 1553418. PMID 7586693.
^ Sheng Y, Sali A, Herzog H, Lahnstein J, Krilis SA (1996). "Site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant human beta 2-glycoprotein I identifies a cluster of lysine residues that are critical for phospholipid binding and anti-cardiolipin antibody activity". J. Immunol. 157 (8): 3744–51. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.8.3744. PMID 8871678. S2CID 12529388.
^ Nimpf J, Wurm H, Kostner GM (1985). "Interaction of beta 2-glycoprotein-I with human blood platelets: influence upon the ADP-induced aggregation". Thromb. Haemost. 54 (2): 397–401. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657748. PMID 4082080. S2CID 23669362.
^ Ağar C, de Groot PG, Levels JH, Marquart JA, Meijers JC (January 2009). "Beta2-glycoprotein I is incorrectly named apolipoprotein H". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 7 (1): 235–6. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03223.x. PMID 19017258. S2CID 43329586.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000091583 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000049 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[5] "APOH - Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - APOH gene & protein". UniProt. Retrieved 5 May 2019.

[pmid7586693-6] Borchman D, Harris EN, Pierangeli SS, Lamba OP (1995). "Interactions and molecular structure of cardiolipin and beta 2-glycoprotein 1 (beta 2-GP1)". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 102 (2): 373–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03792.x. PMC 1553418. PMID 7586693.

[pmid8871678-7] Sheng Y, Sali A, Herzog H, Lahnstein J, Krilis SA (1996). "Site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant human beta 2-glycoprotein I identifies a cluster of lysine residues that are critical for phospholipid binding and anti-cardiolipin antibody activity". J. Immunol. 157 (8): 3744–51. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.8.3744. PMID 8871678. S2CID 12529388.

[pmid4082080-8] Nimpf J, Wurm H, Kostner GM (1985). "Interaction of beta 2-glycoprotein-I with human blood platelets: influence upon the ADP-induced aggregation". Thromb. Haemost. 54 (2): 397–401. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657748. PMID 4082080. S2CID 23669362.

[9] Ağar C, de Groot PG, Levels JH, Marquart JA, Meijers JC (January 2009). "Beta2-glycoprotein I is incorrectly named apolipoprotein H". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 7 (1): 235–6. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03223.x. PMID 19017258. S2CID 43329586.

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