Electrochemical skin conductance

Electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) is an objective, non-invasive and quantitative electrophysiological measure of skin conductance through the application of a pulsating direct current on the skin. It is based on reverse iontophoresis and steady chronoamperometry (more specifically chronovoltametry). ESC is intended to provide insight into and assess sudomotor (or sweat gland) function and small fiber peripheral neuropathy. The measure was principally developed by Impeto Medical to diagnose cystic fibrosis from historical research at the Mayo Clinic and then tested on others diseases with peripheral neuropathic alterations in general.^[1] It was later^[2] integrated into health connected scales by Withings. Withings's researchers, including now the inventors of the technology, released at the end of 2024 a scientific paper describing the whole technology ranging from its origin, medical validation and futur applications.^[3]

^ Oh, Tae Jung; Song, Yoojung; Jang, Hak Chul; Choi, Sung Hee (March 2022). "SUDOSCAN in Combination with the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Is an Effective Tool for Screening Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy". Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 46 (2): 319–326. doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0014. ISSN 2233-6087. PMC 8987688. PMID 34525791. Zhao, Yue; Bao, Jin-Jing; Ye, Li-Fang; Zhou, Lei (2022). "Consistency Analysis Between SUDOSCAN Examinations and Electromyography Results in Patients with Diabetes". Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 15: 3397–3402. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S384881. ISSN 1178-7007. PMC 9636856. PMID 36345491. García-Ulloa, Ana Cristina; Almeda-Valdes, Paloma; Cuatecontzi-Xochitiotzi, Teresa Enedina; Ramírez-García, Jorge Alberto; Díaz-Pineda, Michelle; Garnica-Carrillo, Fernanda; González-Duarte, Alejandra; Narayan, K. M. Venkat; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos Alberto; Hernández-Jiménez, Sergio; CAIPaDi Study Group (December 2022). "Detection of sudomotor alterations evaluated by Sudoscan in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 10 (6): –003005. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003005. ISSN 2052-4897. PMC 9756300. PMID 36521878. Reach, Pauline; Touzot, Maxime; Lombardi, Yannis; Maheas, Catherine; Sacco, Emmanuelle; Fels, Audrey; Beaussier, Hélène; Ureña-Torres, Pablo; Chatellier, Gilles; Ridel, Christophe; Zuber, Mathieu (2021-07-23). "Electrochemical skin conductance by Sudoscan®: a new tool to predict intradialytic hypotension". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 36 (8): 1511–1518. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfab183. ISSN 1460-2385. PMC 8311574. PMID 34021358. Vinik, Aaron I.; Nevoret, Marie-Laure; Casellini, Carolina (2015). "The New Age of Sudomotor Function Testing: A Sensitive and Specific Biomarker for Diagnosis, Estimation of Severity, Monitoring Progression, and Regression in Response to Intervention". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 6: 94. doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00094. ISSN 1664-2392. PMC 4463960. PMID 26124748. Carbajal-Ramírez, Angelica; Hernández-Domínguez, Julián A.; Molina-Ayala, Mario A.; Rojas-Uribe, María Magdalena; Chávez-Negrete, Adolfo (2019-05-31). "Early identification of peripheral neuropathy based on sudomotor dysfunction in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes". BMC Neurology. 19 (1): 109. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1332-4. ISSN 1471-2377. PMC 6544976. PMID 31151430. Conceição, Isabel; de Castro, Isabel; Castro, José (2019). "Correlation between Sudoscan and COMPASS 31: assessment of autonomic dysfunction on hATTR V30M patients". Amyloid: The International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Investigation. 26 (sup1): 23. doi:10.1080/13506129.2019.1582494. ISSN 1744-2818. PMID 31343356. S2CID 198493505. Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal; Zouari, Hela G.; Gorram, Farida; Nordine, Tarik; Damy, Thibaud; Planté-Bordeneuve, Violaine (August 2018). "The value of electrochemical skin conductance measurement using Sudoscan® in the assessment of patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy". Clinical Neurophysiology. 129 (8): 1565–1569. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.005. ISSN 1872-8952. PMID 29883834. S2CID 47011006. Luk, Andrea O. Y.; Fu, Wai-Chi; Li, Xue; Ozaki, Risa; Chung, Harriet H. Y.; Wong, Rebecca Y. M.; So, Wing-Yee; Chow, Francis C. C.; Chan, Juliana C. N. (2015). "The Clinical Utility of SUDOSCAN in Chronic Kidney Disease in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): –0134981. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034981L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134981. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4535976. PMID 26270544. Yajnik, C. S.; Kantikar, V.; Pande, A.; Deslypere, J.-P.; Dupin, J.; Calvet, J.-H.; Bauduceau, B. (April 2013). "Screening of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes using non-invasive quick and simple assessment of sudomotor function". Diabetes & Metabolism. 39 (2): 126–131. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2012.09.004. ISSN 1878-1780. PMID 23159130. Gatev, Tsvetan; Gateva, Antoaneta; Assyov, Yavor; Nacheva, Sylvia; Petrova, Julia; Poromanski, Ivan; Kamenov, Zdravko (February 2020). "The role of Sudoscan feet asymmetry in the diabetic foot". Primary Care Diabetes. 14 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2019.05.003. ISSN 1878-0210. PMID 31153799. S2CID 173995759. Saad, Mehdi; Psimaras, Dimitri; Tafani, Camille; Sallansonnet-Froment, Magali; Calvet, Jean-Henri; Vilier, Alice; Tigaud, Jean-Marie; Bompaire, Flavie; Lebouteux, Marie; de Greslan, Thierry; Ceccaldi, Bernard; Poirier, Jean-Michel; Ferrand, François-Régis; Le Moulec, Sylvestre; Huillard, Olivier; Goldwasser, François; Taillia, Hervé; Maisonobe, Thierry; Ricard, Damien (April 2016). "Quick, non-invasive and quantitative assessment of small fiber neuropathy in patients receiving chemotherapy". Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 127 (2): 373–380. doi:10.1007/s11060-015-2049-x. ISSN 1573-7373. PMID 26749101. S2CID 19058905. Leclair-Visonneau, Laurène; Bosquet, Tristan; Magot, Armelle; Fayet, Guillemette; Gras-Le Guen, Christèle; Hamel, Antoine; Péréon, Yann (2016). "Electrochemical skin conductance for quantitative assessment of sweat function: Normative values in children". Clinical Neurophysiology Practice. 1: 43–45. doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2016.07.001. ISSN 2467-981X. PMC 6123897. PMID 30214959.
^ "Withings Acquires Impeto Medical to Strengthen and Grow Its Research and Development of Medical Technologies" (PDF) (Press release). Withings. 11 January 2022.
^ Vittrant, Benjamin; Ayoub, Hanna; Brunswick, Philippe (2024-10-23). "From Sudoscan to bedside: theory, modalities, and application of electrochemical skin conductance in medical diagnostics". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 18. doi:10.3389/fnana.2024.1454095. ISSN 1662-5129. PMC 11551929. PMID 39529803.

[1] Oh, Tae Jung; Song, Yoojung; Jang, Hak Chul; Choi, Sung Hee (March 2022). "SUDOSCAN in Combination with the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Is an Effective Tool for Screening Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy". Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 46 (2): 319–326. doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0014. ISSN 2233-6087. PMC 8987688. PMID 34525791. Zhao, Yue; Bao, Jin-Jing; Ye, Li-Fang; Zhou, Lei (2022). "Consistency Analysis Between SUDOSCAN Examinations and Electromyography Results in Patients with Diabetes". Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 15: 3397–3402. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S384881. ISSN 1178-7007. PMC 9636856. PMID 36345491. García-Ulloa, Ana Cristina; Almeda-Valdes, Paloma; Cuatecontzi-Xochitiotzi, Teresa Enedina; Ramírez-García, Jorge Alberto; Díaz-Pineda, Michelle; Garnica-Carrillo, Fernanda; González-Duarte, Alejandra; Narayan, K. M. Venkat; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos Alberto; Hernández-Jiménez, Sergio; CAIPaDi Study Group (December 2022). "Detection of sudomotor alterations evaluated by Sudoscan in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 10 (6): –003005. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003005. ISSN 2052-4897. PMC 9756300. PMID 36521878. Reach, Pauline; Touzot, Maxime; Lombardi, Yannis; Maheas, Catherine; Sacco, Emmanuelle; Fels, Audrey; Beaussier, Hélène; Ureña-Torres, Pablo; Chatellier, Gilles; Ridel, Christophe; Zuber, Mathieu (2021-07-23). "Electrochemical skin conductance by Sudoscan®: a new tool to predict intradialytic hypotension". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 36 (8): 1511–1518. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfab183. ISSN 1460-2385. PMC 8311574. PMID 34021358. Vinik, Aaron I.; Nevoret, Marie-Laure; Casellini, Carolina (2015). "The New Age of Sudomotor Function Testing: A Sensitive and Specific Biomarker for Diagnosis, Estimation of Severity, Monitoring Progression, and Regression in Response to Intervention". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 6: 94. doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00094. ISSN 1664-2392. PMC 4463960. PMID 26124748. Carbajal-Ramírez, Angelica; Hernández-Domínguez, Julián A.; Molina-Ayala, Mario A.; Rojas-Uribe, María Magdalena; Chávez-Negrete, Adolfo (2019-05-31). "Early identification of peripheral neuropathy based on sudomotor dysfunction in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes". BMC Neurology. 19 (1): 109. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1332-4. ISSN 1471-2377. PMC 6544976. PMID 31151430. Conceição, Isabel; de Castro, Isabel; Castro, José (2019). "Correlation between Sudoscan and COMPASS 31: assessment of autonomic dysfunction on hATTR V30M patients". Amyloid: The International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Investigation. 26 (sup1): 23. doi:10.1080/13506129.2019.1582494. ISSN 1744-2818. PMID 31343356. S2CID 198493505. Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal; Zouari, Hela G.; Gorram, Farida; Nordine, Tarik; Damy, Thibaud; Planté-Bordeneuve, Violaine (August 2018). "The value of electrochemical skin conductance measurement using Sudoscan® in the assessment of patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy". Clinical Neurophysiology. 129 (8): 1565–1569. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.005. ISSN 1872-8952. PMID 29883834. S2CID 47011006. Luk, Andrea O. Y.; Fu, Wai-Chi; Li, Xue; Ozaki, Risa; Chung, Harriet H. Y.; Wong, Rebecca Y. M.; So, Wing-Yee; Chow, Francis C. C.; Chan, Juliana C. N. (2015). "The Clinical Utility of SUDOSCAN in Chronic Kidney Disease in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): –0134981. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034981L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134981. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4535976. PMID 26270544. Yajnik, C. S.; Kantikar, V.; Pande, A.; Deslypere, J.-P.; Dupin, J.; Calvet, J.-H.; Bauduceau, B. (April 2013). "Screening of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes using non-invasive quick and simple assessment of sudomotor function". Diabetes & Metabolism. 39 (2): 126–131. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2012.09.004. ISSN 1878-1780. PMID 23159130. Gatev, Tsvetan; Gateva, Antoaneta; Assyov, Yavor; Nacheva, Sylvia; Petrova, Julia; Poromanski, Ivan; Kamenov, Zdravko (February 2020). "The role of Sudoscan feet asymmetry in the diabetic foot". Primary Care Diabetes. 14 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2019.05.003. ISSN 1878-0210. PMID 31153799. S2CID 173995759. Saad, Mehdi; Psimaras, Dimitri; Tafani, Camille; Sallansonnet-Froment, Magali; Calvet, Jean-Henri; Vilier, Alice; Tigaud, Jean-Marie; Bompaire, Flavie; Lebouteux, Marie; de Greslan, Thierry; Ceccaldi, Bernard; Poirier, Jean-Michel; Ferrand, François-Régis; Le Moulec, Sylvestre; Huillard, Olivier; Goldwasser, François; Taillia, Hervé; Maisonobe, Thierry; Ricard, Damien (April 2016). "Quick, non-invasive and quantitative assessment of small fiber neuropathy in patients receiving chemotherapy". Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 127 (2): 373–380. doi:10.1007/s11060-015-2049-x. ISSN 1573-7373. PMID 26749101. S2CID 19058905. Leclair-Visonneau, Laurène; Bosquet, Tristan; Magot, Armelle; Fayet, Guillemette; Gras-Le Guen, Christèle; Hamel, Antoine; Péréon, Yann (2016). "Electrochemical skin conductance for quantitative assessment of sweat function: Normative values in children". Clinical Neurophysiology Practice. 1: 43–45. doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2016.07.001. ISSN 2467-981X. PMC 6123897. PMID 30214959.

[2] "Withings Acquires Impeto Medical to Strengthen and Grow Its Research and Development of Medical Technologies" (PDF) (Press release). Withings. 11 January 2022.

[ReferenceA-3] Vittrant, Benjamin; Ayoub, Hanna; Brunswick, Philippe (2024-10-23). "From Sudoscan to bedside: theory, modalities, and application of electrochemical skin conductance in medical diagnostics". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 18. doi:10.3389/fnana.2024.1454095. ISSN 1662-5129. PMC 11551929. PMID 39529803.

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