Facultative anaerobic organism

A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.[1][2]

Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp.,[3] Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria spp.,[4] Shewanella oneidensis and Yersinia pestis. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including pupfish,[5][6] fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae[7] and many aquatic invertebrates such as nereid polychaetes.[8]

It has been observed that in mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that underwent mutations to be either obligate aerobes or anaerobes, there were varying levels of chromatin-remodeling proteins. The obligate aerobes were later found to have a defective DNA gyrase subunit A gene (gyrA), while obligate anaerobes were defective in topoisomerase I (topI). This indicates that topoisomerase I and its associated relaxation of chromosomal DNA is required for transcription of genes required for aerobic growth, while the opposite is true for DNA gyrase.[9] Additionally, in Escherichia coli K-12 it has been noted that phosphofructokinase (PFK) exists as a dimer under aerobic conditions and as a tetramer under anaerobic conditions. Given PFK’s role in glycolysis, this has implications for the effect of oxygen on the glucose metabolism of E. coli K-12 in relation to the mechanism of the Pasteur effect.[10][11]

There may exist a core network of transcription factors (TFs) that includes the major oxygen-responsive ArcA and FNR control the adaptation of Escherichia coli to changes in oxygen availability. Activities of these two regulators are indicative of spatial effects that may affect gene expression in the microaerobic range. It has also been observed that these oxygen-sensitive proteins are protected within the cytoplasm by oxygen consumers within the cell membrane, known as terminal oxidases.[12]

  1. ^ André, Antonin C.; Debande, Lorine; Marteyn, Benoit S. (August 2021). "The selective advantage of facultative anaerobes relies on their unique ability to cope with changing oxygen levels during infection". Cellular Microbiology. 23 (8): e13338. doi:10.1111/cmi.13338. ISSN 1462-5814. PMID 33813807. S2CID 233027658.
  2. ^ Müller, Volker (2001-04-19). "Bacterial Fermentation". eLS. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001415. ISBN 9780470016176.
  3. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 261–271, 273–296. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  4. ^ Singleton P (1999). Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 444–454. ISBN 0-471-98880-4.
  5. ^ Heuton, M.; Ayala, L.; Morante, A.; Dayton, K.; Jones, A. C.; Hunt, J. R.; McKenna, A.; Van Breukelen, F.; Hillyard, S. (2018). "Oxygen consumption of desert pupfish at ecologically relevant temperatures suggests a significant role for anaerobic metabolism". Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 188 (5): 821–830. doi:10.1007/s00360-018-1174-1. PMID 30039300.
  6. ^ Heuton, M.; Ayala, L.; Burg, C.; Dayton, K.; McKenna, K.; Morante, A.; Puentedura, G.; Urbina, N.; Hillyard, S.; Steinberg, S.; Van Breukelen, F. (2015). "Paradoxical anaerobism in desert pupfish". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (Pt 23): 3739–3745. doi:10.1242/jeb.130633. PMID 26632453.
  7. ^ Carlile MJ, Watkinson SC, Gooday GW (2001). The Fungi (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 85–105. ISBN 0-12-738446-4.
  8. ^ Schöttler, U. (November 30, 1979). "On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of Nereis (Annelida)" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1: 249–54. Bibcode:1979MEPS....1..249S. doi:10.3354/meps001249. ISSN 1616-1599. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
  9. ^ Yamamoto, N., & Droffner, M. L. (1985). Mechanisms determining aerobic or anaerobic growth in the facultative anaerobe Salmonella typhimurium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 82(7), 2077-2081. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.7.2077
  10. ^ Doelle, H. W. (1974). Dimeric and tetrameric phosphofructokinase and the Pasteur effect in Escherichia coli K-12. FEBS Lett, 49(2), 220-222. PII: 0014-5793(74)80516-8 (core.ac.uk)
  11. ^ Pasteur L (1857). "Mémoire sur la fermentation applée lactique" [Dissertation on the fermentation called lactic]. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 45 (913–916): 1032–1036.
  12. ^ Rolfe, M. D., Ocone, A., Stapleton, M. R., Hall, S., Trotter, E. W., Poole, R. K., ... & Green, J. (2012). Systems analysis of transcription factor activities in environments with stable and dynamic oxygen concentrations. Open biology, 2(7), 120091. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120091
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.