High-density lipoprotein

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins.[1] Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins which transport all fat molecules (lipids) around the body within the water outside cells. They are typically composed of 80–100 proteins per particle (organized by one, two or three ApoA). HDL particles enlarge while circulating in the blood, aggregating more fat molecules and transporting up to hundreds of fat molecules per particle.[2]

HDL particles are commonly referred to as "good cholesterol", because they transport fat molecules out of artery walls, reduce macrophage accumulation, and thus help prevent or even regress atherosclerosis.[3]

Lipoproteins are divided into five subgroups, by density/size (an inverse relationship), which also correlates with function and incidence of cardiovascular events. Unlike the larger lipoprotein particles, which deliver fat molecules to cells, HDL particles remove fat molecules from cells. The lipids carried include cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides, amounts of each are variable.[4]

HDL particles remove fats and cholesterol from cells, including within artery wall atheroma, and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-use. Increasing concentrations of HDL particles in the blood are associated with decreasing accumulation of atherosclerosis within the walls of arteries,[5] reducing the risk of sudden plaque ruptures, cardiovascular disease, stroke and other vascular diseases.[2] People with higher levels of HDL-C tend to have fewer problems with cardiovascular diseases, while those with low HDL-C levels (especially less than 40 mg/dL or about 1 mmol/L) have increased rates for heart disease.[6] Higher native HDL levels are correlated with lowered risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy people.[7]

However, a higher blood level of HDL is not necessarily protective against cardiovascular disease and may even be harmful in extremely high quantities,[8] with an increased cardiovascular risk, especially in hypertensive patients.[9]

  1. ^ "LDL and HDL: Bad and Good Cholesterol". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  2. ^ a b Deng S, Xu Y, Zheng L (2022). "HDL Structure". HDL Metabolism and Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1377. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1592-5_1. ISBN 978-981-19-1591-8. PMID 35575917.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference am180 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Kontush A, Lindahl M, Lhomme M, Calabresi L, Chapman MJ, Davidson WS (2015). "Structure of HDL: particle subclasses and molecular components". High Density Lipoproteins. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 224. pp. 3–51. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_1. ISBN 978-3-319-09664-3. PMID 25522985.
  5. ^ Casula M, Colpani O, Xie S, Catapano AL, Baragetti A (July 2021). "HDL in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: In Search of a Role". Cells. 10 (8): 1869. doi:10.3390/cells10081869. PMC 8394469. PMID 34440638.
  6. ^ Toth PP (Feb 2005). "Cardiology patient page. The "good cholesterol": high-density lipoprotein". Circulation. 111 (5): e89 – e91. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000154555.07002.CA. PMID 15699268.
  7. ^ Sirtori, Cesare R. (October 2006). "HDL and the progression of atherosclerosis: new insights". European Heart Journal Supplements. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01.
  8. ^ Franczyk B, Rysz J, Ławiński J, Rysz-Górzyńska M, Gluba-Brzózka A (August 2021). "Is a High HDL-Cholesterol Level Always Beneficial?". Biomedicines. 9 (9): 1083. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9091083. PMC 8466913. PMID 34572269.
  9. ^ Trimarco V, Izzo R, Morisco C, Mone P, Maria Virginia M, Falco A, Pacella D, Gallo P, Lembo M, Santulli G, Trimarco B (August 2022). "High HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol Increases Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertensive Patients". Hypertension. 79 (10): 2355–2363. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19912. PMC 9617028. PMID 35968698.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.