Interstitial cystitis

Interstitial cystitis
Other namesBladder pain syndrome (BPS),[1] painful bladder syndrome (PBS), IC/BPS, IC/PBS, UCPPS[2]
Hunner's lesion seen in some interstitial cystitis patients by cystoscopy[3][4]
Pronunciation
  • /ˌɪntərˈstɪʃəl sɪˈstaɪtɪs/ IN-tər-STISH-əl sist-EYE-tis
SpecialtyUrology
SymptomsChronic pain of the bladder, feeling the need to urinate right away, needing to urinate often, pain with sex[1]
ComplicationsDepression, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia[1][5]
Usual onsetMiddle age[1]
DurationLong term[1]
CausesUnknown[1]
Diagnostic methodBased on the symptoms after ruling out other conditions[5]
Differential diagnosisUrinary tract infection, overactive bladder, sexually transmitted infections, endometriosis, bladder cancer, prostatitis[1][6]
TreatmentLifestyle changes, medications, procedures[1][7]
MedicationOral paracetamol with ibuprofen and gastric protection, amitriptyline, pentosan polysulfate, histamine[1][7]
Frequency0.5% of people[1][5]

Interstitial cystitis (IC), a type of bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is chronic pain in the bladder and pelvic floor of unknown cause.[1] Symptoms include feeling the need to urinate right away, needing to urinate often, bladder pain (pain in the organ) and pain with sex.[1] IC/BPS is associated with depression and lower quality of life.[5] Some of those affected also have irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia.[1]

The cause of interstitial cystitis is unknown.[1] While it can, it does not typically run in a family.[1] The diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms after ruling out other conditions.[5] Typically the urine culture is negative.[5] Ulceration or inflammation may be seen on cystoscopy.[5] Other conditions which can produce similar symptoms include overactive bladder, urinary tract infection (UTI), sexually transmitted infections, prostatitis, endometriosis in females, and bladder cancer.[1][6]

There is no cure for interstitial cystitis and management of this condition can be challenging.[1] Treatments that may improve symptoms include lifestyle changes, medications, or procedures.[1] Lifestyle changes may include stopping smoking, dietary changes, reducing stress, and receiving psychological support.[1][8] Medications may include paracetamol with ibuprofen and gastric protection, amitriptyline, pentosan polysulfate, or histamine[1][7] Procedures may include bladder distention, nerve stimulation, or surgery.[1] Kegel exercises and long term antibiotics are not recommended.[5]

In the United States and Europe, it is estimated that around 0.5% of people are affected.[1][5] Women are affected about five times as often as men.[1] Onset is typically in middle age.[1] The term "interstitial cystitis" first came into use in 1887.[9]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome fact sheet". OWH. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid32378039 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Persu C, Cauni V, Gutue S, Blaj I, Jinga V, Geavlete P (2010). "From interstitial cystitis to chronic pelvic pain". Journal of Medicine and Life. 3 (2): 167–74. PMC 3019050. PMID 20968203.
  4. ^ Stedman TL (2005). Stedman's Medical Eponyms. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 344. ISBN 9780781754439.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hanno PM, Erickson D, Moldwin R, Faraday MM, American Urological A (May 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment". The Journal of Urology. 193 (5): 1545–53. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.01.086. PMID 25623737. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014.
  6. ^ a b Bogart LM, Berry SH, Clemens JQ (2007). "Symptoms of interstitial cystitis, painful bladder syndrome and similar diseases in women: a systematic review". The Journal of Urology. 177 (2): 450–456. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.032. PMID 17222607. S2CID 14482415.
  7. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference pmid29777618 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid=29777618 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Bostwick DG, Cheng L (2014). Urologic Surgical Pathology (3 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 208. ISBN 9780323086196. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
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