Low-density lipoprotein

Low-density lipoprotein
Elevated LDL may result in atherosclerosis
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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein that transport all fat molecules around the body in extracellular water.[1] These groups, from least dense to most dense, are chylomicrons (aka ULDL by the overall density naming convention), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL delivers fat molecules to cells.

Lipoproteins transfer lipids (fats) around the body in the extracellular fluid, making fats available to body cells for receptor-mediated endocytosis.[2][3] Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins, typically 80–100 proteins per particle (organized by a single apolipoprotein B for LDL and the larger particles). A single LDL particle is about 22–27.5 nanometers in diameter, typically transporting 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules per particle and varying in size according to the number and mix of fat molecules contained within.[4] The lipids carried include all fat molecules with cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides dominant; amounts of each vary considerably.[5]

Elevated LDL is an established causal factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.[6][7][8][9] A normal non-atherogenic LDL-C level is 20–40 mg/dl.[10] Guidelines recommend maintaining LDL-C under 2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dl) and under 1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) for those at high risk.[10][11]

  1. ^ "LDL and HDL: Bad and Good Cholesterol". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  2. ^ Dashti, Monireh; Kulik, Willem; Hoek, Frans; Veerman, Enno C.; Peppelenbosch, Maikel P.; Rezaee, Farhad (7 November 2011). "A Phospholipidomic Analysis of All Defined Human Plasma Lipoproteins". Scientific Reports. 1 (1): 139. Bibcode:2011NatSR...1..139D. doi:10.1038/srep00139. PMC 3216620. PMID 22355656.
  3. ^ Dashty, Monireh; Motazacker, Mohammad M.; Levels, Johannes; Vries, Marcel de; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Peppelenbosch, Maikel P.; Rezaee, Farhad (2014). "Proteome of human plasma very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein exhibits a link with coagulation and lipid metabolism". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 112 (3): 518–530. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0178. PMID 24500811.
  4. ^ Segrest JP, Jones MK, De Loof H, Dashti N (September 2001). "Structure of apolipoprotein B-100 in low density lipoproteins". Journal of Lipid Research. 42 (9): 1346–67. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)30267-4. PMID 11518754.
  5. ^ Sira, Elevina E. Pérez (2021-10-05). Foods for Special Dietary Regimens. Bentham Science Publishers. ISBN 978-981-4998-07-9.
  6. ^ Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. (August 2017). "Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel". European Heart Journal. 38 (32): 2459–2472. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144. PMC 5837225. PMID 28444290.
  7. ^ Mach, François; Baigent, Colin; Catapano, Alberico L; Koskinas, Konstantinos C; Casula, Manuela; Badimon, Lina; Chapman, M John; De Backer, Guy G; Delgado, Victoria; Ference, Brian A; Graham, Ian M; Halliday, Alison; Landmesser, Ulf; Mihaylova, Borislava; Pedersen, Terje R (2020-01-01). "2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk". European Heart Journal. 41 (1): 111–188. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455. hdl:2434/706264. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 31504418.
  8. ^ Borén, Jan; Chapman, M John; Krauss, Ronald M; Packard, Chris J; Bentzon, Jacob F; Binder, Christoph J; Daemen, Mat J; Demer, Linda L; Hegele, Robert A; Nicholls, Stephen J; Nordestgaard, Børge G; Watts, Gerald F; Bruckert, Eric; Fazio, Sergio; Ference, Brian A (2020-06-21). "Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel". European Heart Journal. 41 (24): 2313–2330. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962. hdl:10044/1/77267. ISSN 0195-668X. PMC 7308544. PMID 32052833.
  9. ^ Jackson, Elizabeth J.; Willard, Kaye-Eileen (2025). "LDL Cholesterol Management Simplified in (Adults) - Lower for Longer is Better: Guidance from the National Lipid Association". Journal of Clinical Lipidology. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2025.06.002.
  10. ^ a b Makover ME, Shapiro MD, Toth PP (2022). "There is urgent need to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk earlier, more intensively, and with greater precision: A review of current practice and recommendations for improved effectiveness". Am J Prev Cardiol. 12 100371. doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100371. PMC 9482082. PMID 36124049.
  11. ^ Mhaimeed O, Burney ZA, Schott SL, Kohli P, Marvel FA, Martin SS (2024). "The importance of LDL-C lowering in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: Lower for longer is better". Am J Prev Cardiol. 18 100649. doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2024.100649. PMC 10992711. PMID 38576462.
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